Baroque vs. Modern Pop free essay sample

January 2013 Baroque Vs. Present day Pop The Western music realized today has its underlying foundations in the melodic practices found in Europe and the Middle East more than twenty centuries back. These melodic practices, thusly, have their underlying foundations in antiquated Greek and Roman practices which are point by point in melodic and philosophical treatises of the time. Greek human progress, with its political structures, its building and melodic accomplishments, and its incredible accomplishments in reasoning and verse, has affected European culture and thus American culture (Hansen, 2012). I have taken two portions of music, Marin Marais (1656-1728) Pieces an Une Viole du Premier Livre (1686) and a Pop gathering name R. E. M and there last show at the BBC. I have picked R. E. M in light of the fact that their music is dependent on the Baroque period with a cutting edge flare. After tune in to the two pieces, I was moved by the Baroque period music. I appreciated the two shows, yet I think I delighted in the Pop show more than the Baroque show. We will compose a custom paper test on Elaborate versus Current Pop or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Pop show obviously had more musicality and the distinction in instruments had any kind of effect to me. The drums where the greatest distinction, had my foot tapping and my head bouncing, and the Baroque show had me in a condition of unwinding and genuine feelings of serenity. The music varies from each other through the sort of instruments utilized. The Baroque music utilized piano and chello dissimilar to the cutting edge music utilizing acoustic instruments and percussions. They even utilized electric guitars. I think the greatest contrast was the singing; I expressed already that the drums were the greatest distinction however the singing was unquestionably the greatest contrast. The Baroque had no singing in the whole show. The music was comparable in the instruments recounted to a story despite the fact that the Baroque music didn't have words it despite everything recounted to a story, you could nearly envision or perhaps picture the story being advised and at your own words to the music. The Pop music obviously had words however and, after its all said and done in the event that you expel the words from the music it had a similar impact as the Baroque music. The jobs of shows in the Baroque time I think assumed a job in the public arena that we need today. In those days in those occasions individuals went to shows to get away from the regular day to day existence and gain some new useful knowledge, it resembled a story being told or news being passed. Performers were exceptionally venerated not good examples like the artists of today. Pop shows today we go to as a type of diversion, we go to see our preferred band or vocalist. We don’t go to for the energy about music as they did in the Baroque days. Today we have an alternate sort of valuation for music, it’s whoever is hot at that point, whatever tune is the success right now. There are specific sorts of individuals that go to these kinds of shows. The Baroque participants, I would state an increasingly intelligent sort an individual that cherishes the specialty of music, an individual that truly acknowledge music. The Pop participants, I would state are more cheerful and simply need to have a ton of fun and not need to stress over anything other than, having a ton of fun, an individual that simply needs to feel better and lighthearted for a second. Our encounters with music are affected by numerous elements. The greatest factor is the web. We approach things that we didn’t have back in the days prior to the web. We can without much of a stretch move music around and get the sound out to the majority. In the Baroque period it might have taken a year for one author to get his music heard by the majority. Taking everything into account, the Baroque time and the Pop period are so extraordinary yet so comparative, I get it would boil down to ones own assessment of each kind of music. I would believe that any music sweetheart would acknowledge the two periods of music. Works Cited Bethanie Hansen, Cathy Silverman, and David Whitehouse, Music Appreciation, 2012. Site (http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=poCRFiaoCLA) Website (http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=uaYVa1r0nlA)

To Bury or Exhume the White Gods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

To Bury or Exhume the White Gods - Essay Example It likewise turns into the methods by which the persecuted are made to have confidence in the moral equity of the frameworks of creation that induce their own mistreatment. These speculations have incredible breadth for application in postcolonial examines that look to challenge accounts that depend on the adaptations of the colonizer’s memory. There are presently endeavors to overhaul the accounts that have been composed by such authors for the psychological oppression of the colonized. These counter-accounts as well, in any case, stand the danger of being consolidated into the force structures of the colonialist story. This is to a limited degree incredibly for e certain point in history when the impacts of expansionism are as yet being toppled. It is in this setting Camilla Townsend’s article â€Å"Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico† gets significant as it endeavors to connect certain holes in authentic accounts and at a similar purpose of time likewise looks to point certain imperfections in the counter-stories that one finds in the postmodern age. The exposition consequently focuses to the requirement for a history with lesser chinks (Townsend). The article tries to discussion of the stories that have been utilized to counter the accounts of Hernando Cortes and his conquistadors. Numerous such stories discussion of the circumstance where the individuals who were indigenous occupants of Mexico thought of the conquistadors to be divine beings. A detailed arrangement of untruths is built whereby indigenous frameworks are arm-turned into pleasing the colonizer into their story. The joining of Cortes into the account of the Indian God, Quetzalcoatl is an excellent case of this. The God who is considered to have left the Indians’ land for the East was forecasted to come later on at one point of time. This story was changed a ton to oblige the appearance of the colonizer into Mexico. There are a few perspectives that one needs to investigate while breaking down

Mind Mapping in My Classroom with MindMeister - Focus

Mind Mapping in My Classroom with MindMeister - Focus This blog post has been created by Jennifer Carey.  Jennifer is a student and teacher, as well as a self-confessed long time lover of technology and of all its possibilities in the classroom. Reposted from: Voices of the Learning Revolution and IndianJen.com Mind Mapping is one of the hot buzzwords being thrown around in the world of pedagogy. What exactly are mind maps? Well, in simple terms, they’re those old bubble brainstorming maps that we were all forced to draw in the 8th  grade. If you were particularly artistic, yours may have looked something like this: Personally, mine were always far less colorful and dynamic! However, mind mapping  has come a very long way in recent years, especially with the assistance of technology. No longer are mind maps stagnant and immutable images â€" they are malleable, dynamic, and even collaborative. People are using mind mapping for organizing their personal life, developing business ideas, and in a variety of educational environments. In this post I want to highlight my favorite Mind Mapping software â€" MindMeister â€" and talk about several ways I use mind maps in my classroom. If you think you might like it as much as I do, you may want to participate in an opportunity (I’ll describe it at the end of my post) to get a free professional account for a year. There are many similar products out on the market today (both free and fee-based), but what sets MindMeister apart (in my mind) is that it provides  simultaneously collaborative  brainstorming and visualization tools using  cloud  technology. If you would like to see how MindMeister works, check out this brief video: As you can see, MindMeister has numerous features and allows a great deal of flexibility and creativity. MindMeister also allows for portability with its “Mobile Apps” for iPad, iPhone, and Android devices. You can take your maps on the go! MindMeister has many different plans and pricing tiers, from its basic Individual Account, which is free and allows three individual maps, to its extensive Business Pro accounts that provide broad technical support and an array of tools. They also provide  great discounts  for educational institutions and non-profits. MindMeister in the Classroom While MindMeister has been successfully employed in many sectors, my greatest interest is utilizing it as a tool in education. I have been using the software for the past year both for my own planning and development and as a classroom tool. As an educator, I use it to plan my lessons, organize my writing, and to even blueprint some personal things in my life (perhaps outlining that novel I’m writing…). The classroom, however, is a different story. For me, the best aspect of MindMeister  is its ability to promote collaborative work (and its availability on nearly every platform). My students can access maps from their mobile devices or any computer with an Internet connection. I have used it in the classroom for students to brainstorm a discussion, to begin to organize their ideas for papers and projects, and even to help them study for tests and quizzes. I have had dozens of students simultaneously editing the same document for all of these exercises â€" a key feature in my experience, as it opens the way to innovative discussion and teamwork. Last year, I had students proudly share a map with me that several of them had been using at home to study for their final exam in my history class. I recorded it in my blog: “Students Using MindMeister as a Study Tool.” More than a dozen students, in different class sections and in their own homes, produced this impressive map using the review sheet! Mind Mapping Class Discussions I like to use MindMeister to help organize class discussions. My students recently finished a unit on the  Code of Hammurabi. I divided the class into four groups to focus on laws related to class and status: Civil Law, Criminal Law, Family Law, and Other, which dealt with anything that didn’t fit into the other three â€" a hodgepodge. (Click to enlarge the map.) The whole class had access and the ability to edit the document. Each group (using their smart phones) edited a section, listing off the ways that different laws treated individuals based on their class and/or status. I gave them 15 minutes to edit, then we returned as a group to discuss. We even made a few additions and edits together. This is one of those activities where I’m telling students to get on their phones instead of to get off them! How Would You Use MindMeister? So, now comes the most exciting part of this post. How would  you  use MindMeister in your classroom? Do you think it would fit well into a lesson plan? A group discussion? As a planning tool? The field is wide open. Not long ago, MindMeister contacted me and asked if I’d like to give away three, one-year professional accounts (a $120 value). What better place to do so than here at the Voices blog, where educators are always looking for ways to blend good technology into strategies that can deepen student thinking and learning. These Pro accounts allow unlimited mind-maps, automatic backups, sharing tools, extensive technical support, and much more. The three best ideas will win the coveted prize! To get started, if you do not already have one, go to  MindMeister  and sign up for a free account (or a 30 day free trial of a paid version if you would like to play with all of the bells and whistles). If you have a blog, write a post describing at least one bright idea about how you might use this mind mapping tool in your teaching or professional learning. Then leave a comment here that includes the link to your blog post. If you don’t have a blog, post your idea in the comments section of this post or send it to me via  email. I’ll post the best ideas and announce the winners. All submissions are due  no later than  October 15. Any school-based educator is eligible. I can’t wait to see what you all do with this! Introduce Mind Mapping in Your Classroom Get Started! Its free! Get Started! Mind Mapping in My Classroom with MindMeister - Focus This blog post has been created by Jennifer Carey.  Jennifer is a student and teacher, as well as a self-confessed long time lover of technology and of all its possibilities in the classroom. Reposted from: Voices of the Learning Revolution and IndianJen.com Mind Mapping is one of the hot buzzwords being thrown around in the world of pedagogy. What exactly are mind maps? Well, in simple terms, they’re those old bubble brainstorming maps that we were all forced to draw in the 8th  grade. If you were particularly artistic, yours may have looked something like this: Personally, mine were always far less colorful and dynamic! However, mind mapping  has come a very long way in recent years, especially with the assistance of technology. No longer are mind maps stagnant and immutable images â€" they are malleable, dynamic, and even collaborative. People are using mind mapping for organizing their personal life, developing business ideas, and in a variety of educational environments. In this post I want to highlight my favorite Mind Mapping software â€" MindMeister â€" and talk about several ways I use mind maps in my classroom. If you think you might like it as much as I do, you may want to participate in an opportunity (I’ll describe it at the end of my post) to get a free professional account for a year. There are many similar products out on the market today (both free and fee-based), but what sets MindMeister apart (in my mind) is that it provides  simultaneously collaborative  brainstorming and visualization tools using  cloud  technology. If you would like to see how MindMeister works, check out this brief video: As you can see, MindMeister has numerous features and allows a great deal of flexibility and creativity. MindMeister also allows for portability with its “Mobile Apps” for iPad, iPhone, and Android devices. You can take your maps on the go! MindMeister has many different plans and pricing tiers, from its basic Individual Account, which is free and allows three individual maps, to its extensive Business Pro accounts that provide broad technical support and an array of tools. They also provide  great discounts  for educational institutions and non-profits. MindMeister in the Classroom While MindMeister has been successfully employed in many sectors, my greatest interest is utilizing it as a tool in education. I have been using the software for the past year both for my own planning and development and as a classroom tool. As an educator, I use it to plan my lessons, organize my writing, and to even blueprint some personal things in my life (perhaps outlining that novel I’m writing…). The classroom, however, is a different story. For me, the best aspect of MindMeister  is its ability to promote collaborative work (and its availability on nearly every platform). My students can access maps from their mobile devices or any computer with an Internet connection. I have used it in the classroom for students to brainstorm a discussion, to begin to organize their ideas for papers and projects, and even to help them study for tests and quizzes. I have had dozens of students simultaneously editing the same document for all of these exercises â€" a key feature in my experience, as it opens the way to innovative discussion and teamwork. Last year, I had students proudly share a map with me that several of them had been using at home to study for their final exam in my history class. I recorded it in my blog: “Students Using MindMeister as a Study Tool.” More than a dozen students, in different class sections and in their own homes, produced this impressive map using the review sheet! Mind Mapping Class Discussions I like to use MindMeister to help organize class discussions. My students recently finished a unit on the  Code of Hammurabi. I divided the class into four groups to focus on laws related to class and status: Civil Law, Criminal Law, Family Law, and Other, which dealt with anything that didn’t fit into the other three â€" a hodgepodge. (Click to enlarge the map.) The whole class had access and the ability to edit the document. Each group (using their smart phones) edited a section, listing off the ways that different laws treated individuals based on their class and/or status. I gave them 15 minutes to edit, then we returned as a group to discuss. We even made a few additions and edits together. This is one of those activities where I’m telling students to get on their phones instead of to get off them! How Would You Use MindMeister? So, now comes the most exciting part of this post. How would  you  use MindMeister in your classroom? Do you think it would fit well into a lesson plan? A group discussion? As a planning tool? The field is wide open. Not long ago, MindMeister contacted me and asked if I’d like to give away three, one-year professional accounts (a $120 value). What better place to do so than here at the Voices blog, where educators are always looking for ways to blend good technology into strategies that can deepen student thinking and learning. These Pro accounts allow unlimited mind-maps, automatic backups, sharing tools, extensive technical support, and much more. The three best ideas will win the coveted prize! To get started, if you do not already have one, go to  MindMeister  and sign up for a free account (or a 30 day free trial of a paid version if you would like to play with all of the bells and whistles). If you have a blog, write a post describing at least one bright idea about how you might use this mind mapping tool in your teaching or professional learning. Then leave a comment here that includes the link to your blog post. If you don’t have a blog, post your idea in the comments section of this post or send it to me via  email. I’ll post the best ideas and announce the winners. All submissions are due  no later than  October 15. Any school-based educator is eligible. I can’t wait to see what you all do with this! Introduce Mind Mapping in Your Classroom Get Started! Its free! Get Started!

The Reformation And How It Shaped Our Western World

This year is a special year in particular as of the year 2017 on October 31st celebrates the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. It started in Germany but then spread all across Europe. The Reformation was needed to help modernize Christianity but it also created divides in the Protestant Movement. What is interesting is that there were other movements within the Catholic Church that predated 1517, so what made Martin Luther so special. This paper will go in depth on the accounts of the reformation and how it shaped our western world. Some theorists just look at when the Lutheran Augsburg Confession was printed or even the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years War or even in the long run until the 18th century with all the options of a person to pick from for their religion from just being a catholic to now a Lutheran, Calvinist, or Anabaptist or be a member of the church of England. Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII all contested the authority of the catholic church and split up Europe. From the transition from the middle ages to the reformation, there were strong central nationalized monarchies. Germany and Italy were divided up into smaller territories and with state making breaking up the religious map of Europe. All across France, England, Germany, etc. lots of Reformation coalitions formed, evolved, and then died off. Some lacked peasant participation outside Germany and others had to gain support of the nobles to allow protection for these newShow MoreRelatedHow the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a More Secular and Democrtatic Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Revolutions Lead to Political Reform: How the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution Led to a more Secular and Democratic Political Atmosphere. Since the beginning of time cultural views have influenced and shaped our society but never has more change occurred than during the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution. We leave the middle ages a society of Kings and feudal life and emerge with the beginnings of modern political theory. The RenaissanceRead MoreThe Case For Contamination By Kwame Anthony Appiah1448 Words   |  6 Pagessociety and avert it from achieving a pluralistic environment. He claims that cosmopolitanism enables individuals to adopt foreign culture based on how they see fit within their cultural context, and without â€Å"structuring the consciousness† and detaching people from traditional beliefs. Indeed, people consider their traditional beliefs when introduced to Western culture because it allows them to draw valuable lessons from cultural import and enforce their own principles and notions. However, there areRead MoreThe Nineteen Five Theses On The Power And Efficacy Of Indulgences1336 Words   |  6 PagesTheses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences† in 1517, he was making a bold and unprecedented move: challenging the Catholic Church. As a German Catholic priest himself, Luther was not afraid to condemn the Catholic Church, even publicly, which is how he displayed the original copy of the theses. Luther’s issue with the church wasn’t personal but was instead based on what he saw as violation of the religious morals and teachings of God. For example, he highly disapproved the church’s several claimsRead MoreChristian Reflection Paper1874 Words   |  8 Pagesmajor world religions. I learned about the significance of God, Jesus, the Holy Spi rit and the Trinity based on the teachings of the Bible. 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This style is the first observation of artists using an individual way of painting, the personal vision and pictorial understanding of their world. The new generation of artists felt that they could not develop the Renaissance style any further. These new artists sought new goals and as a result turned against the traditional artistic standards set by the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and RaphaelRead MoreGlobalization Is A Process Of Interaction And Integration Among The People, Companies, And Governments Of Countries1983 Words   |  8 Pages Within this essay I will discuss how the theories of globalisation originate from a very Eurocentric ideology because when it comes to the different theories of globalisation whether it is Marxism, liberalism or neo-realism we often find that while these theories have different approaches to globalisation, they still all have an underlying Eurocentric metanarrative. This is because they all seem to have accepted that west is somehow superior to the non-western states and this is apparently due to

Cialis - Harvard Business School Case Product Team...

1.Problem StatementLilly- ICOS LLC is about to launch a new and innovative product intended to help men suffering from Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Because of the unique product features, Cialis - the product - has good chances of becoming successful even though it is entering a segment, where Pfizers Viagra is the undisputed market leader. In this context, Lilly- ICOS LLC must decide on a marketing strategy, in particular which groups to target and which positioning thus which communication strategy to choose. 2. Situation Analysis (refer to Exhibit 1+2)Lilly- ICOS LLC is a joint venture between ICOS, a small biotechnological start up (no FDA registration experience and no marketing capabilities) and Elli Lilly Company, a large†¦show more content†¦news magazines) to target couples, female magazines to address partners and (conservative) male magazines (careful selection not to tap in playboy drug trap); TV prime time shows that reach target audience, male specific i.e. sports advertising; no celebrities, average couples as centre of communication. Communication message should focus on communication/ dialogue as the key to a healthy sex life + relationship, ED is treatable, encourage couples to talk openly about the condition and see a doctor/ seek treatment; Cialis as the pill for couples can help to rediscover intimacy and endearment in a mature relationship; furthermore multifaceted below the line marketing actions; physician approach: take advantage of trained sales force (hel p dissolve insecurities aboutShow MoreRelatedCialis Case Essay9153 Words   |  37 PagesHARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL 9-505-038 REV: JUl Y 2 8. 201 0 ElIE OFEK Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market It was early 2002, and Mark Barbato, the executive director and global product team leader for Cialis, knew he faced a daunting task: launching a medicine for the treatment of male impotence in a market with an established leader-Viagra. 1 Not only had Viagra been generating over $1 billion in sales annually for its parent company Pfizer for three consecutive years, butRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesthanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and Colin Gilligan Professor of Marketing Sheffield Hallam University and Visiting Professor, Northumbria University AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGO †¢

Puberty Free Essays

Puberty is known to be the transitioning period for children to become emerging adults. Puberty is important because not only is it a sign for parents that their child is growing up. It is a sign for the child itself that he or she is growing up. We will write a custom essay sample on Puberty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Puberty is different for both boys and girls especially the biological events that take place.When girls go through puberty, they go through it at an earlier age than the boys. Girls start at the age of eight to the age of 14. What happens first for girls is the breast development. Breast buds typically occur around nine or ten years old, although sometimes for some children they occur earlier or for others they occur later. The girls’ parents are often surprised that their daughter has breast buds since the breast develop slowly and occur at different times. At the beginning of puberty, sometimes one breast often appears first than the other. The girl may believe that something in the breast is wrong like gaining a tumor, especially since the tissue of the breast can feel very sore and sensitive, but this because the breast are developing slowly at a decent rate which is extremely normal. The second sign of puberty is gaining pubic hair in the genital area. At first, there are very few hairs and come out straight and soft. As the girl grows up, the pubic hair grows out and becomes dark, curly, and coarse. The pubic hair grows gently to the lower stomach to the inner thigh, looking like in a three-cornered shape. About another couple years, hair begins to grow in the armpits. The third sign for puberty is that the girls gain weight which gives them a more rounded belly. This gives girls extreme anxiety because they believe they are gaining weight but usually it is adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is the tissue where fat is kept. The body will separate the fat from the stomach and waist to other parts of the body so it can create a nice figure. The last is usually the menstrual cycle. There are many myths when it comes to menstruation like you cannot use a tampon till you are a full adult, or you cannot swim in the pool and so on. Menarche or menstruation is when ovulation is beginning which means that you can begin to be able to be pregnant. In a study in 1982, the researchers Brooks- Gunn and Ruble, reported that girls feel more grown up now that they are finally menstruating. A longitudinal study in 2003 reported that there is an increase in self-esteem and social maturity. Boys go through puberty much later than girls which are the ages of twelve to sixteen. The first step of puberty for boys is that the boy is going through with maturing is when the size of the testicles and the scrotal sac grows. As the testicles grows, the scrotum skin darkens, expands, thins, and lastly hangs down. Like girls and each breast size, boys when it comes to their testicles, one testicle hangs lower than the other. Like girls the next step of puberty for boys is the pubic hair. Similar to girls, the pubic hair changes to a darker color, the hairs become curlier and rougher in texture, but the pattern is more of a diamond shaped than a triangle. Over the next few years it covers the pubic region, and then covers the thighs like a girl would have her pubic hair covered. Difference between boys and girls pubic hair is that boys have their pubic hair going up to their belly button. Then light or thin little hairs grows on a boy’s face, legs, arms and underarms, and chest. The third step of puberty is the body shape changes. Before puberty, usually boys look chubby and lanky. The boys then have a growth spurt as they go into puberty. Body proportions change during this spurt, which are the legs extend and the trunks become bigger. Boys then gain muscle mass and continue to grow even after girls are finished with puberty. When the boys are at the top of puberty, their voices begin to change drastically. For a brief period of time, the boys voice may break once in a while as it deepens. Once the larynx or the vocal box reaches to a suitable size, the cracking will stop. J.M. Tanners Longitudinal research on Pubertal Development helped greatly to understand puberty. In the year 1960 through the 1970s J.M. Tanner, a British biologist, was studying physical development. He took many pictures and physical evaluations of both boys and girls throughout their lives to figure out the steps of puberty. From each photo and physical evaluation, Tanner figured out the ages of the changes that happened to the children. A good theory when it comes to puberty would be Storm and Stress by G. Stanley Hall. This is a great example because as the child grows up, he or she becomes a different person. To go deeper, Storm and Stress goes through difficulties with parents, risky behaviors, and drastic mood swings. This all happens because of the hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, which the children are gaining as they are going through the process of puberty. Puberty is different for everyone. Sometimes puberty comes early or late for either gender. It affects them differently emotionally, and physically. The one fact is true for either gender is that it is a period for the child or adolescence to mature and to find more of themselves to become a great and fitting adult in society. How to cite Puberty, Papers

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using an External and Internal Evaluator in an Evaluation Essay Example

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using an External and Internal Evaluator in an Evaluation Paper This essay is an attempt to describe the advantages and disadvantages of using an external and internal evaluator in an evaluation. The author will propose an internal evaluator for a functional literacy program. The structure of the essay will start by defining programme evaluation and the background of evaluation, and then give advantages and disadvantages of using external or internal evaluator in an evaluation. This essay will then propose one evaluator for a functional literacy program and give reasons for choosing such an evaluator. The essay will conclude by giving the authors personal opinion on the matter above. Evaluation is the process of collecting and/or using information for the purposes of determining the value and worth of the subject of the evaluation process (Birley Morel 1998). Australian Development Cooperation (2009) has expanded the definition by stating that programme evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of an on-going or completed project, programme or policy its design, implementation and results. Other authors like Mbozi, (2007) defined evaluation as a systematic assessment of the worth or merit of some project. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfilment f objectives, development efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. In general, the purpose of your evaluation should be to establish the outcomes or value of the program you are providing and to find ways to improve the program (House, 1993). The process of evaluation is considered to be a relatively recent phenomenon. However, planned evaluation has been documented as dating as far back as 2200BC, Shadish, Cook Letish, (1991). We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using an External and Internal Evaluator in an Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using an External and Internal Evaluator in an Evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using an External and Internal Evaluator in an Evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Evaluation became particularly relevant in the U. S. in the 1960s during the period of the Great Society social programs associated with the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. It is argued in Letish, (1991) that for programme evaluation to take place there must be an evaluator. A programme evaluator is said in Letish (1991) as a person who systematically assesses the process and outcomes of a program with the intent of furthering its development and improvement on a programme. Its clearly stated in international standards of evaluators number 1. 2 about the Evaluators Credibility that the person conducting an evaluation should be both trustworthy and competent to perform the evaluation, so that the evaluation findings achieve maximum credibility and acceptance. In this case here are two types of evaluators, internal and external. An internal evaluator is a program staff or worker who conducts program evaluation on behalf of the program. The whole evaluation is an intervention condu cted by a unit/and or individuals reporting to the management of the donor, partner, or implementing organization. An external evaluator is a person or persons who conduct an evaluation of a program from outside the program and they are not part of the program being evaluated. Other writers like Kushner, (2000) have added that external evaluation is an intervention conducted by entities and/or individuals outside the donor and Implementing agencies. I ne advantages 0T Internal evaluators accor01ng to Newman, Brown, (1996) are immense which includes having better overall knowledge of the program and also possess more informal knowledge of the program because they operate within. Farther more internal evaluators have less threatening from management of fellow staff because they are already familiar with every staff. Allowances for evaluators are proved less costly compared to external evaluators. The disadvantages for hiring an internal evaluator include being less objective in conducting an evaluation and may be more preoccupied with other activities of the rogram. Its also known fact that internal evaluators do not give complete attention to evaluation because their income will not be affected. Other writers like Dolley, (1994) have included that internal evaluators do not have adequately training as an evaluator. On the other hand the advantages of the external evaluator in Newman, Brown, (1996) include being more objective to the process because they need to meet those objectives and offers new perspectives of approaching the evaluation process. The external evaluators have different angles to observe the evaluation process and they criticize management if necessary. External evaluator is dedicated to greater amount of time to the evaluation process and attention compared to internal evaluators. In most cases external evaluators have greater expertise and evaluation brain to do the evaluation properly compared to internal evaluators who are sometimes accountants or office managers. The disadvantage of external evaluators includes high costs to pay and known fact that they may require more time for the contract to be signed or negotiations. Its been proved that external evaluators are unfamiliar with program staff, the program culture and they sometimes create nxiety among program staff about being evaluated by others. Its also possible that external evaluators may be unfamiliar with organization policies, such that certain constraints affecting the program might be overlooked. But when it comes to functional illiteracy program, functional literacy is imprecisely defined differently from nation to nation, and study to study. Functionally illiterate is whereby persons can read and possibly write simple sentences with a limited vocabulary, but cannot read or writes well enough to deal with the everyday requirements of life in their own society. An organisation wishes to evaluate functional literacy programs can request the service of a staff member or hire someone outside the organisation. A wide literature focuses on evaluation as a means of improving organisational performance in the business, government programs and the community projects. In this case therefore evaluation is a tool or means of improving functional literacy programs performance in providing literacy and show impact in the community where the service is being provided. The aim is to confirm a place for evaluation as an integral aspect or essential part of performance improvement (Love, 1991). The best method of sourcing a suitable evaluator for literacy program will need to be assessed in each case Knowledge of program and literacy operations. Most evaluators stress the importance of gathering detailed knowledge about the functional literacy program being evaluated in order to ensure that the evaluation reflects the program and its context. Posavac and Carey (1997) note that stakeholders where literacy programs are conducted are far more likely to give recommendations a respectful hearing if they feel the evaluation team understood the population served, the school housing the rogram, tne literacy program ItselT, ana tne star sucn unaerstan01ng cannot De gained by brief meetings. This means that internal evaluators have an advantage over external evaluators since they work in the environment in which the program operates and may have been personally involved in some part of the program planning (Weiss 1972). The following are the other reasons of choosing internal evaluator for an evaluation of a functional literacy program. The internal evaluators are very familiar with the work of functional literacy, its culture, the aims and objectives which someone from outside the functional literacy may not understand. Generally these works assume that evaluation for program improvement is conducted by internal evaluators, more specifically, by managers. A good example is said in Globerson, et al. (1991). Defining middle management as an endangered species, Globerson et al. (1991) offer a new role for middle managers as internal planners and evaluators who can exercise organisational control and improve performance of schools. These managers should be able to evaluate performance by using specific performance criteria, measuring actual results, and comparing the results with expectations (Globerson et al. 991). Its the best away of self-correcting and much less threatening than external evaluation. This may make it easier for those involved to accept findings and criticisms and may misunderstand what you want from the evaluation and may not give what you need. It also helps in planning, setting teaching standards, measurement of student results and comparison with other programs which rests on the unstated assumption that only management is involved. Similar works include Love (1991), Sluyter (1998) and Czarnecki (1999) who generally assume that managers rely on internal evaluators for measurement. Therefore internal evaluation is very clearly a management activity. Sluyter (1998) presumes that internal evaluators should measure indicators of quality and stability for performance improvement (Sluyter, 1998) while Goldberg and Sifonis (1994) presume that monitoring and evaluation processes such as surveys, class activity- based, overall pass trend and benchmarking will be carried out by internal evaluators. As part of school organisation, internal evaluators have first-hand knowledge of the organisations philosophy, policies, procedures, personnel and management. This allows selection of evaluation methods tailored to the reality of he organization (Love 1991). As well as detailed knowledge about the program being evaluated, it may also be useful in some cases for the evaluator to have an understanding of cultural and political factors that affect the operating environment of the organisation being evaluated (Braskamp et al. 1987). In the case of a university, this might be sensitivity to university politics (Shapiro Blackwell 1987) while in the case of a religious institution it might be the need to be attuned to the uniqueness of the particular group (Faase PuJdak 1987). Evaluation does not record, but rather creates reality. Because of the subjectivity of the values involved, there is no reason to suppose that internal or external evaluators would be any more or less likely to share the values or reality of the people involved in the evaluation. The individuals employed by an organisation are substantially more likely to share Value systems with each other than outsiders. Value systems are complex and made up of factors including culture, upbringing, experience and education. Objectivity should be a overtime (Cummings et al. 1988) and prepare the ground for acceptance and utlllsatlon 0T Tactor In selectlng Internal. Utlllsatlon 0T evaluatlon Is a Key Issue Tor many practitioners (Posavac Carey 1997; Patton 1997). Some argue that an internal evaluator is better placed to understand the environment and prepare findings in the style most likely to be used (Shapiro Blackwell 1987). An internal evaluator can also build credibility evaluation results (G unn 1987. Love (1991). Because internal evaluators know the all corners of the program, they are able to see ways that the evaluation can make a difference and promote the use of evaluation findings over the longer term (Weiss 1972). Dissemination of results is also an important issue for valuators (Rossi Freeman 1982). Cronbach et al. (1981) point out that a successful evaluation must do more than Just amass good data, timely communications should distribute information to the persons rightfully concerned, and those hearers should take the information into their thinking. All evaluators should be aware of communication issues. This factor should not favour internal evaluators or external ones. Finally, the availability of an internal evaluator could be seen as an investment that an organisation makes in an enduring corporate resource that is useful in a number of contexts (Love 1991). Whether this is a reasonable investment will depend on the size of the organisation and its likely future evaluation needs. The argument for building staff capacity may be a strong factor in some cases but may make no sense for an organisation that is only going to conduct one evaluation per decade. Ultimately, the Great House of evaluation should have room for both internal and external evaluators if it wishes to continue to grow. The essay concludes therefore that the evaluation remains critical regardless which evaluator undertakes the process of evaluation advantages and disadvantages that both play independent oles in program evaluation. In schools especially functional literacy programs mentioned above, its arguably that internal evaluators play more part in sharping not only the picture of a functional literacy program, but also helps to develop a continuous improvement process of the program. References Australian Development Cooperation, (2009). Guidelines for Project and Programme Evaluations. Vienna: Austrian Development Agency. Birley, M. and Morel, N. 1998. A practical guide to academic research. London: Kogan Page Braskamp, LA, Brandenburg, DC Ory, JC. (1987). Lessons about clients expectations, in J Nowakowski (ed. ), The client perspective on evaluation: New directions for program evaluation, no. 36, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Cronbach, LJ Ambron, SR, Dornbusch, SM, Hess, RD, Horntk, RC, Phillips, DC, walker, DF wetner, SS (1981). Towards reform of program evaluation: aims, methods, and institutional arrangements . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Dolley, J. 1994. Planning, monitoring and evaluating learning programmes. Buckingham: Open University Press Faase, TP PuJdak, S (1987). Shared understanding of organizational culture, in J Nowakowski (ed. ), The client perspective n evaluatlon: New alrectlons Tor program evaluatlon San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Globerson, A, Globerson, S Frampton, J. (1991), You cant manage what you dont measure: control and evaluation in organizations. Aldershot: Gower Publications. Gunn, W. J. (1987), Client concerns and strategies in evaluation studies, in J Nowakowski (ed. ),The client perspective on evaluation: New directions for program evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, House, E. R. (1993). Professional evaluation: social impact and political consequences. California: Sage Publications, Kushner, S. (2000), Personalizing evaluation. California: Sage Publications. Love, A. J. (1991). internal evaluation: building organizations from within. California: Sage Publications. Mbozi, E. H. (2007). Programme Evaluation in Adult Education. Lusaka: UNZA Newman, D. L. Brown, R. D. (1996). Applied ethics for program evaluation, San Francisco: Sage Publications Posavac, E. J. Carey, R. G. (1997). Program evaluation: methods and case studies , 5th edn, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Sluyter, GV 1998, Improving organizational performance: a practical guidebook for the human services field , California: Sage Publications,Thousand Oaks,