Essay Apple Inc Organization Structure - 1318 Words

Apple’s Business Examination Paper Becky Wilson LDR/531 October 3, 2012 Dr. David E. Ferguson Every Organization or business has to have organizational structure in order to succeed because it prioritizes the hierarchy, identifies the guidelines, policies and procedures needed for a company achieve goals and objectives. The Organizational structure also depicts levels of management from the top down. The organization that I would like to work for is Apple Inc., In this essay, I will give a brief overview of the company’s history, define it organizational structure and effects it have on the success of the organization, distinguish between leadership and management, describe the culture and the core capabilities which lead to†¦show more content†¦Mr. Jobs was known for influencing all every employee in the organization to work cohesively to achieve a common goal. Today, Tim Cook is the CEO and has assumed the duties and responsibilities previously held by Steve Jobs. The managers are responsible for managing the day to day operation; assigning tasks and making sure tasks are done correctly, efficiently and in a timely manner. Mangers are directly involved in the decision making process, which contributes to the success of the organization. Managers has to define goals and designing a strategic plan to obtain goals, directing, motivating and encouraging team to achieve personal and professional goals, and monitoring the performance of the organization. Henry Fayol wrote that all managers perform five management functions: planning, organizing, leading, controlling and coordinating, however today all are relevant except coordinating. Management’s ability to perform the five functions of management is one of the main ingredients to the success of Apple. Organizational Behaviors According to Henry Mintzberg, there are five P’s of strategy (plan, ploy, pattern, position and perspective), and each â€Å"P† stands for a different approach to strategy and by understanding each â€Å"P†, a company can develop a robust business strategy and take advantage of the company’s strengths and capabilities. The main strategies of Apple are to concentrate on theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Responsibility Of Apple Inc.1687 Words   |  7 PagesCompany of Choice: Apple Inc. The Social Responsibility of Apple Inc. By definition, social responsibility is known as the ethical framework and provides suggestions that an organization or an individuals, feels obliged to act so that the benefit is felt across the organization. It is that duty that every individual has of performing so as to ensure proper maintenance of balancing amid the economy and the organizational ecosystems. Apple Inc. has a well outlined social responsibility that works toRead MoreApple Inc. ‚Äà ¬ Rational System1583 Words   |  7 PagesApple Inc. – Rational System Apple Inc. was formerly known as Apple Computer Inc for about 3 decades, but removed the word Computer in 2007, to show the company s ongoing progression into the consumer electronics market, in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers. Apple Inc is a corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics such as the iPod, iPhone, iPad, computer software such as the Mac OS X operating system, and personal computers such as the Mac Book and Mac BookRead MoreInternal Environment Of Apple Inc. Essay839 Words   |  4 Pagesinternal environment of Apple Inc. which will cover the organisation structure. The internal environment of Apple Inc. would be examined through the use of SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is used to analyse an organisation s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in this case, the organisation is Apple Inc. however for the purposes of this section of the report, only the strengths and weaknesses will be examined and analysed. Meyer (2015) states that the Apple’s structure is one of the mainRead MoreApple Inc. - Organization Culture and Change1180 Words   |  5 PagesManagement HR587 Managing Organization Change Course Project Draft - Prepared By: Preferred Organization: Apple Inc. - Organization Culture and Change Introduction/Organization: In this draft, we would like to discuss about Apple Inc.’s organization culture and major organization change happened in the organization and analysis of a successful organization change. Every organization has a culture of its own. And every organization undergoes organization change depending on the situationRead MoreApple Organizational Behavior644 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Leadership and Structure at Apple Inc. Steve Jobs began Apple Inc. with the notion of â€Å"One person- One computer† in hopes of having a personal computer that could be easily used by anyone. As of September 2010 with 46,600 full time employees and 2,800 temporary employees and contractors, this notion holds true today (Apple Inc., 2010). Over the years of Apple Inc. development changes in organizational leadership and structure occurred. Apple’s mission of â€Å"changing the world byRead MoreOrganizational Development ( Od )1130 Words   |  5 Pagesany given organization is to bring change that will drive the organization towards attaining effectiveness in its operations. Organizations need to change in order to become more productive, satisfying to members, as well as attain effectiveness. In other words, change is a significant aspect as far as an organization’s life is concerned. For instance, the increment in customers demand, the presence of advanced technologies, and the demand for bet ter results by investors in Apple Inc. requiresRead MoreHow The Free Marketplace Within Our Economy933 Words   |  4 Pageslimit and even closedown a company if the demand for their products isn’t sustained. The company Apple Inc. is known for their competitive advantages in the current marketplace and worldwide. This company is known for their creation and design of Macintosh personal computers and its signature look is in the shape of an apple, creating instant visible product recognition for customers. Currently, Apple Inc. leads the industry in the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online stores. InRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of Apple Inc Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Structure The topic of Organizational behavior that I chose to analyze is the Organizational Structure of Apple Inc. I chose this specific topic because Apple has been constantly growing and changing over the past 40 years. I thought it would be interesting to see the different forms of structures that the organization has transitioned from, especially under the contrasting management styles of the two main founders, Jobs and Wozniak. Also, the death of Steve Jobs’ on October 5, 2011Read MoreThe Organizational Structure Of Apple Inc. Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of Organizational behavior that I chose to analyze is the Organizational Structure of Apple Inc. I chose this specific topic because Apple has been constantly growing and changing over the past 40 years. I thought it would be interesting to see the different forms of structures that the organization has transitioned from, especially under the contrasting management styles of the two main founders, Jobs and Wozniak. A lso, the death of Steve Jobs’ on October 5, 2011, caused a lot of restructuringRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Geeks On The World s Biggest Startup By Brendan Koerner Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesI came across a similar article that talks about the corporate culture and leadership style of America’s most successful company, Apple Inc. The Fortune magazine article â€Å"How Apple Works: Inside the World’s biggest startup† by Adam Lashinsky explains how big company such as Apple Inc. really operates. By the time he’s finished, you’ll probably still want to buy Apple products, but you may not want to work for the firm. Apple’s products have always been created by small teams working closely together

History - 2168 Words

GRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 HISTORY P1 FEBRUARY/MARCH 2012 MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 10 pages and an addendum of 12 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over History/P1 2 NSC DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of FOUR questions based on the prescribed content framework as contained in the guideline document: QUESTION 1: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF THE COLD WAR IN FORMING THE WORLD AS IT WAS IN THE 1960s? †¢ USSR/USA – Creating spheres of interest: Focus on Cuba QUESTION 2: HOW WAS UHURU REALISED IN AFRICA IN THE 1960s AND 1970s? †¢ Case Study: Tanzania QUESTION 3: WHAT FORMS OF CIVIL SOCIETY PROTEST EMERGED FROM THE 1960s UP TO 1990? †¢ Focus†¦show more content†¦(1 x 2) (Written source) In what ways does the visual source convey the message of African socialism in Tanzania? (2 x 2) How does the visual source differ from the written source regarding communal farming? (2 x 2) Comment on whether Tanzanias policy of self-reliance was successful. (2 x 2) (2) 2.1.3 (2) 2.1.4 (4) 2.1.5 (4) 2.1.6 (4) 2.2 Study Source 2B. 2.2.1 2.2.2 Define the concept single-party system in your own words. (1 x 2) (2) Explain whether Nyerere was successful in implementing a single-party (2 x 2) system in Tanzania. (Statement 1) How did Nyerere ensure that parliamentarians were in touch with ordinary Tanzanians? (Statement 2) (1 x 2) Explain what the words they must have hated it tell you about the (2 x 2) attitude of Tanzanian parliamentarians. (Statement 2) Using the information from Statements 1 and 2, as well as your own knowledge, explain which ONE of the statements you think would be most useful regarding Nyereres rule of Tanzania. (2 x 2) (4) 2.2.3 (2) 2.2.4 (4) 2.2.5 (4) 2.3 Explain the limitations of Sources 2A and 2B to a historian studying Nyereres rule of Tanzania. (2 x 2) Using the information from ALL the sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining the impact of Nyereres policy of African socialism on Tanzania. (4) 2.4 (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over History/P1 6 NSCShow MoreRelatedHistory And History : History1540 Words   |  7 PagesAmrozia Shahram History 1301. P09 Essay History is integral part of our lives and historians play an important role to preserve history. Historians are present in every society. They have been around probably throughout the history of humanity. Their work however has become more methodical and systematic now. Modern day historians spend a lot of time searching for the truth from various sources of past information. These days so much information is available and this information is interpretedRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On History808 Words   |  4 PagesHistory is a course that contains a lot of fundamental information. It is a science that studies the past of the human race and the human civilizations, assists us to comprehend the present, so we have a better vision for the future. The History seeks to reconstitute the past event. For the reason, history has its objectives, methods. All the information of history is related to the time and space because the consideration of an historical event requires placing it i n time and in a given space. ByRead MoreHistory3115 Words   |  13 Pagesstudy history? There is no doubt that the primary purpose of schooling is to prepare students to function effectively in the world, and thereby to assist society to function effectively as well. We study the past in school not because students need to know a collection of old facts, but because history helps them understand how the world works and how human beings behave. Knowledge of the past is required for understanding present realities. When people share some common knowledge of history, theyRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On History1556 Words   |  7 Pagespeak at a current history lesson taught in a classroom, the common outsider will likely find nothing wrong with its content or presentation. They hear many famous names and key dates of the famous people and events of the past and do not bat an eyelash because they learned history in the same way. On the other hand, if a historian were to walk into that same classroom, they would be incredibly disappointed by the fact that students are not really learning how to practice history. Granted, they probablyRead MoreBig History : A New Form Of History1190 Words   |  5 Pages12, 2014 Big History Big History, which was developed by David Christian and Bill Gates, is a new form of history that is continuously popping up in several high schools and colleges across the country. It has been quietly but rapidly growing throughout the course of the past three years due to its new concept of how history can be taught. Focusing on the universe and how everything is linked. Throughout my paper I will inform you of where Big History derived from, what Big History is and how itRead MoreHistory : A New Form Of History852 Words   |  4 PagesDoing History Essay: Up until the early nineteenth-century, history had been written in two dominant traditions, â€Å"one predominantly learned and antiquarian, the other essentially literary†. However, a postmodern shift in historiography has led to a new form of history, namely ‘disobedient histories’. ‘Disobedient history’ as a new form of history moves away from Leopold Von Ranke’s ideas of history being a rigorous scientific inquiry towards a more diverse and cultured form. Some of these formsRead MoreEssay on History and Memory882 Words   |  4 PagesGate 42 Analysis Throughout gate 42, Mark Baker combines both assumed history and a plethora of evocative language techniques to recreate the death of his grandmother, Hinda. From such a technique, one can infer that when history and memory combine, the interplay allows a heightened understanding and perceptive insight into events of the past; specifically the Holocaust. Such a theory becomes evident within the opening of Gate 42, as Baker uses the repetitive symbol of a Jewish poem to draw theRead More The Importance of History Essay992 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is history? Should we study history? Who creates history? Is history relevant? The definition of history, is a question which has sparked international debate for centuries between the writers, readers, and the makers of history. It is a vital topic which should be relevant in our lives because it?s important to acknowledge past events that have occurred in our world that deeply influences the present. This essay will discuss what history is, and why we study it. History is the studyRead MoreWhat is History? Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is History? The definition of history, is a question which has sparked international debate for centuries between the writers, readers, and the makers of history. In the words of acclaimed historian Edward Gibbon, History is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies and misfortunes of mankind. A more romantic view on the subject was taken by Cicero. He said, History is the witness that testifies the passing of time. It illuminates reality, vitalizes memory, providesRead MoreThe Social History Of Medicine855 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude articles that are profoundly insistent upon the importance of ‘history from below’ in developing and constituting understandings of health and medicine. As these articles were primarily structured and written during the cultural and linguistic turn in historical analysis it is clear that they present arguments that aim to revise modernist approaches to the social history of medicine. Most of which are interested in the history of published medical texts or the views of the medical elite. The article

The Effects of Technology on Teens Free Essays

The Effects of Technology on Teens Modern day technological advancements are constantly seen throughout every aspect of life. Cell phones, portable Internet availability, laptop computers, iPods, mp3 players of every brand, and many other devices, are everywhere. They seem to possess unending possible detriments, but, along with such issues, technology also has positive impacts on today’s youth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Technology on Teens or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some situations, the Internet and iPod prevent sociability, though in others they may be the cause of increased social activity. Overall, modern technology has the capability to bring people together as well as enhance the social abilities of the today’s youth; however, if used without discretion, can also create a less interactive generation, frequently depending on technology for satisfaction. The immense capabilities of the Internet today are astonishing, and offer many positive opportunities for teens. Primarily, the Internet makes sharing information fast and simple, despite factors that in other cases would prohibit such simple distribution. According to Jean-Francois Coget in Source C, â€Å"With the Internet, information can be transmitted and received with ease at any time of the day to and from any number of friends. † It is possible to send videos, pictures, papers, projects, and a quantity of other things with the click of a button. The transfer can happen in seconds. The amazing capability of modern day Internet simplifies teenage life, by providing a way to convey knowledge. Another way in which Internet proves positive is by providing a way to keep in touch with friends and family worldwide, or just across town. Whether it’s a friend that switched schools and is never around, or a family member in London, the Internet makes it possible to email, instant message, and even video chat. Such qualities of Internet communication bring people together with more frequent contact, boosting sociability and relationships. In addition, the Internet also has the capability to, â€Å"foster openness, self-confidence, and a greater sense of ease, and comfort in dealing with others† (Source C). Since it is not obligatory to reveal physical appearance or social status over the Internet, it grants an opportunity to be a completely new person, who is entirely open and confident. Internet chats, even with mere acquaintances, can supply a chance for socially challenged teens to experience a form of social interaction, in order to create a sense of composure. Modern day Internet advancements not only offer an easier way to share information, but also contribute to sociability by providing a way to communicate with distant friends and family, as well as giving socially challenged teenagers an opportunity for interaction. Likewise, another modern day technology, the iPod, may also have a positive effect on some teenagers, by presenting a different view of the world as well as uniting individuals through musical taste. In the eyes of Kelly Doyle-Mace, in Source D, â€Å"music deepens the experience of walking through the world, rather than detracting from it. † There are millions of songs out there, one to match every possible mood. Sometimes, turning on just the right song can be motivational and provide a completely new outlook on a certain circumstance. In addition, lyrics are often relatable to personal life and can be significant or simply encouraging. Another way in which iPods and personal musical taste is a positive effect on teens is by uniting people of different backgrounds and diversities through their music choice. Lisa and Johnny Rocket, hosts of â€Å"iPod DJ nights,† describe that one night a month they invite guests to bring their iPods to a London bar. Where they can play whatever songs they choose (Source D). â€Å"Even more diverse than the music are the members†¦ the iPod acts to bring people together,† Lisa explains (Source D). These gatherings prove that as diverse as music can be, it is also unifying. The multitudes of people attending these parties, from every race background and belief, are united through their assorted music taste. IPods have the potential to positively affect today’s youth by matching any and every mood with music, resulting in a deeper walk through life, as well as bringing people together by means of musical interest. The alternative argument is that the Internet can be a significantly negative influence on teenagers, if overused. Constant Internet use detracts time that could be spent with friends and family. Hours wasted away typing useless messages is detrimental to personal relationships with the ones who really matter. It was discovered through a study in Pittsburgh that people who use the Internet most often are â€Å"spending less time talking with their families†¦keeping up with fewer friends† (Source B). It is of no use to spend so much time talking to people over the Internet, when one could just as easily walk down the stairs and spend time with family, or go to see friends instead. According to Source F, Internet users participate in approximately 244. minutes per day spent with friends and family, while non-Internet users spend on average 381. 6 minutes per day with friends and family. Modern day Internet opportunities are decreasing physical interaction and essential quality time. The Pittsburgh study also determined that such teens are â€Å"feeling more lonely and depressed† (Source B). Even though teenagers are simply using the Internet for â€Å"interp ersonal communication,† it is causing reliance on brightly lit screens and keyboards, instead of sincere personal interactions with close friends and family members (Source B). Investing too much on Internet chats will inevitably produce a sense of deprivation, and a resulting sense of loneliness from a lack of real relationships and personal contact. Obsessive or constant use of the Internet as a social tool deprives teens from necessary relationships that are crucial to life, especially throughout high school and college, which will ultimately result in a damaging sense of loneliness and depression. Similarly, iPods, much like the Internet, become a negative influence on teenagers, when in constant use. According to a university student’s study of iPods, â€Å"the main appeal of the iPod is that it preoccupies you so you are no longer obligated to interact with the uncontrollable factors of everyday life† (Source E). IPods provide an easy escape from having to interact with strangers in a public situation; because, in just about any situation, pressing play can zone everything out. This portable instant entertainment takes away opportunities to meet new people, or just admire the surroundings and environment of a new place. Although it is a solution to boredom, there are other, more advantageous, solutions such as social interaction. Such disregard to discovering new people and new places leads to isolation. The obvious signal iPods send out is â€Å"don’t bother trying to talk to me† (Source E). Headphones constantly blasting music often prevent conversations that could prove to be much more worthwhile. The need to continuously be surrounded by one’s own familiar environment results in countless missed opportunities for meeting new people or experiencing â€Å"natural sights and ounds† (Source E). The Internet and iPod affect today’s youth in positive ways; however, when not used in moderation, can become negative influences. Modern technologies are positive by providing simple communication, unifying diversities, and deepening the experiences of the world through music. Those same technological advancements can become highly addictive, and like all addictions, have n egative consequences. Teens who are constantly engaged in using technologies become so addicted that they spend less time with loved ones, and feel lonely and depressed. Technological addiction is leading to a more isolated generation, overly dependent on technology. Modern technological advances, particularly the Internet and iPod, have many positive effects on today’s youth, yet if overused can lead to addiction, which consequently produces negative influences and over obsession. Although technology can be profitable, it must be used in moderation, as not to damage the social ability of today’s youth. How to cite The Effects of Technology on Teens, Essay examples

Health and Safety for Engineering

Question: Describe about Health and Safety for Engineering? Answer: Introduction The contemporary times has witnessed the growth of factories, innumerable companies that work daily throughout the year in order to deliver products to the consumers and meet the demands on the commercial world. As a result of this, there are a number of accidents and ill health cases occurring everywhere and specially in the engineering work and a huge number is reported to the Department of Health and Safety (Brauer, 2006). Generally it is observed that most of these accidents arise as a result of the movement of the people, or the goods and vehicles in and around the workshops. Hence in order to reduce the chances of accidents in these engineering workshops it is extremely essential that the more serious and frequent risks are recognized and the appropriate precautions are taken. Taking proper account of the money and resources it is essential that the precautions be taken and such risks are reduced (Kloss, 2010). However for the purpose of increasing the health and safety standards of the engineering workshop for the manufacturing of soap an appropriate risk assessment process is required to be undertaken (Tyler, 1993). The work shop activities in a soap manufacturing process involves the movement of stocks with the help of forklift trucks, the utilization of workshop machineries such as the Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor or the reaction vessels and the handling of the chemicals used in the manufacturing process such as the various bleaching agents and other chemicals. The health and safety management process involves the training plans for ensuring health and safety and review and update of the plans in a regular basis. It further includes the different paper work required for specified risk assessment and method statements and also the inspections of the maintenance of safety features and the emergency stops according to the rules relating to safety and health measures. Risk Assessment According to The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, the assessment of risks is extremely important part in order to maintain the health and safety of the employees and non-employees in the engineering workshop. RISK ASSESSMENT: (hseni, n.d.) Possible Hazards Who might be harmed Whether Existing measures are adequate Quantity of Risk What needs to be done Next Review Date Manual Handling Employees, Engineers NO Moderate L (3) I (3) The manual handling of heavy bulks of soaps needs to be replaced with the transportation carriages for moving the bulks of soap from one place to another. June, 2015 Transport and movement of vehicles Employees, Non- Employees, Engineers, Employers NO Moderate L (3) I (4) The transportation of the huge bulks of soaps need to be moved with the help of better transportation facilities June, 2015 Cleaning and Degreasing Solvents Employees, Engineers YES Low L (2) I (3) The required measures have been taken. June, 2015 Machineries used Employees, Engineers NO High L (4) I (4) Proper head gears, hand Gloves needs to be used by the employees in order to reduce the risks arising out of the use of machineries such as the Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor or the reaction vessels June, 2015 Use of Chemicals Employees, Engineers NO High L (4) I (5) For the handling of harmful chemicals used in the manufacturing of soaps it is necessary that the engineers use face masks and hand gloves to protect themselves. Also when not in use the chemicals need to be stored in safe places in order to prevent any reactions. June, 2015 Noise Employees, Engineers YES Low L (2) I (3) The required measures have been taken. June, 2015 Risk Assessment Matrix: Figures: Health and Safety Risk Management Each of the member states of Europe has their own national Occupational Health Legislation. However, these legislations are based on the European Occupational Health Safety Directives given by the European Union (Tyler, 1993). The primary objective of these directives is to make the employers more responsible in order to create safe working environment and ensure health and safety of the employees (Kloss, 2010). Hence for the achievement of such an working environment the employers needs to be aware of the probable risks that is connected to the work and how these risks can be managed with appropriate measures. Possible risk management measures are required to be prescribed under operational conditions of using hazardous substances that are not safe and suitable to the employees. These measures include the use of personal protection equipments or Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV). These personal protection equipments include hand gloves, dust caps or safety goggles. Formulators of mixtures such as the detergents or paints or similar mixtures used in soaps do not fall under the obligations (Souza, 2003). However, they do have the obligations under the Exposure Scenarios of the individual substances inside the mixture in order to safely use the mixture. This evaluation results needs to be communicated downwards the supply chain in order to allow the end user know about the safety measures relating to the product. The risk management relating to formulators of mixtures would be that they have the duty to analyse carefully the information with regard to the suppliers of raw materials. Primarily the formulator is required to determine that the substances that are present in the mixtures are hazardous or not (Leckie, 2004). They need to calculate the risk associated with the use of these substances and how dangerous they can be for the employee while working with the mixture. Due to these reasons the formulators need to ensure that the substances can be used according to the given standards and is also suitable for the product. In order to verify this, the SDS of the substance is required to be checked and later if that is not sufficient the formulator tries to determine that himself. Further with regard to the cleaners also the proper risk management should be maintained since in most cases the cleaner can be exposed to some risks while carrying out his duties (Spellman and Whiting, 2005). While cleaning of the workshop the primary risks relating to cleaners are the connection with hazardous substances resulting in irritation or corrosion to the skin or eyes. The risks relating to working with hazardous substances is calculated with the help of the limit value of the risk. This limit value can be defined as the level to which any particular worker can be exposed to day by day throughout the working lifetime without having any health effects. The value of the limits is usually derived by the suppliers of substances. The risk assessment needs to be made as to the quantity of exposure the cleaner has to the cleaning product while he is working. A comparison is to be made with regard to the limit value of the exposure and safe use of products. Control Measures and Strategies Management of health and safety measures in a soap manufacturing workshop requires appropriate control measures and strategies. Since in a soap manufacturing company the use of alkaline solutions is common rubber gloves are required to be worn by the employees when handling alkali crystals or solutions as the alkaline solutions are caustic in nature (aise, n.d.). Safety glasses should be worn by the employees while making mixtures of alkali for eye protection. Care should be taken so that no toxic fumes are inhaled while cooking of the soap products. The presence of clean and cold water or milk should be present for rinsing the eyes and skin. Lifting of the kettles should be done carefully with the help of co-workers. References aise, (n.d.).Generic Exposure Information Sheet (GEIS) for Detergents. [online] Available at: https://www.aise.eu/documents/document/20140617113855-geis_guidance_for_the_institutional_cleaning_sector_final_version_1_0_may2014.pdf [Accessed 6 Feb. 2015]. Brauer, R. (2006).Safety and health for engineers. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Holnicki-Szulc, J. (2008).Smart technologies for safety engineering. Chichester, England: J. Wiley. hseni, (n.d.).Health and Safety in Engineering. [online] Available at: https://www.hseni.gov.uk/hsg129_health_and_safety_in_engineering_workshops.pdf [Accessed 6 Feb. 2015]. Kloss, D. (2010).Occupational health law. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Leckie, D. (2004). Health and safety challenges ahead.Engineering Management, 14(2), pp.40-43. Souza, J. (2003). Designing for health and safety.Engineering Sustainability, 156(2), pp.125-126. Spellman, F. and Whiting, N. (2005).Safety engineering. Lanham, Md.: Government Institutes. Tyler, M. (1993). New European and UK health and safety requirements.Property Management, 11(1), pp.53-66.

The Tumult And The Shouting Dies, The Captains And The Kings Depart. E

"The tumult and the shouting dies, The captains and the kings depart." -Kipling, The Recessional Mr. Kipling was wrong. War does not always end with the last cry on the battlefield. World War I certainly did not. After the war formally ended on November 18, 1918, there was an ideological war still going on in the US. An ideological war which prompted mass paranoia and caused, among many other things, what would be known as the Red Scare, which began in 1919 and ended in 1921. Red Scare was the label given to the actions of legislation, the race riots, and the hatred and persecution of "subversives" and conscientious objectors during that period of time. It is this hysteria which would find itself repeated several decades later in history when Senator Joeseph R. Macarthy accused high government officials and high standing military officers of being communist. Undoubtedly the most important topic of an investigation into a historical occurrence is its inception. What caused the Red Scare? At the heart of the Red Scare was the conscription law of May 18, 1917, which was put in place during World War I for the armed forces to be able to conscript more Americans. This law caused many problems for the conscientious objector to WWI, because for one to claim that status, one had to be a member of a "well-recognized" religious organization which forbade their members to participation in war. As a result of such unyeilding legislation, 20,000 conscientious objectors were inducted into the armed forces. Out of these 20,000, 16,000 changed their minds when they reached military camps, 1300 went to non-combat units, 1200 gained furloughs to do farm work, and 100 did Quaker relief work in Europe. 500 suffered court-martial, and out of these, 450 went to prison. However, these numbers are small in comparison with the 170,000 draft dodgers and 2,810,296 men who were inducted into the armed forces. Nevertheless, the conscientious objectors were targeted in the Red Scare after the war. They were condemned as cowards, pro-German socialists, although that was not everything. They were also accused of spreading propaganda throughout the United States. Very few conscientious objectors stood up for themselves. Roderick Siedenberg, who was a conscientious objector, wrote that "to steal, rape, or murder" are standard peacetime causes for imprisonment, but in time of war "too firm a belief in the words of Christ", and "too ardent a faith in the brotherhood of man" are more acceptable. Some organizations such as the National Civil Liberties Bureau, which would later be renamed the American Civil Liberties Union, took up the task of standing up for the rights of conscientious objectors. Before the war, the NCLB-ACLU opposed American involvement, and afterward defended the rights of the objectors. Later, the ACLU would gain a reputation for helping people with liberal cases who were too poor to pay for their own representation in court. After the real war ended in 1918, the ideological war, which was gaining speed at home, turned against conscientious objectors and other radical minorities such as Wobblies, who were members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and Socialists as well. These Wobblies and Socialists were damned as being subversives who were trying to overthrow the United States government. Wobblies, in particular, were persecuted against for speaking out against the capitalist system. Although most of what they said was only to attract attention to their cause, their rhetoric was taken seriously by the government and its officials. From the very beginning of the Red Scare, the Wobblies were the subject of attack by the government, because they were a symbol of radicalism. The government put in place legislation, not only against the Wobblies, but also against Socialists and Communists, due to the fact that the government did not distinguish one of its enemies from another. One such action taken by the government prevented Wobblies who were not yet citizens from naturalization, even if they quit their organization. In 1917, the US government made a law which gave the Secretary of Labor the power to arrest or deport any alien "advocating or teaching" destruction of property or the "overthrow of government by force." Words such as "advocating" and the vague language used in the law allowed the government to use deportation as a cure for the anti-government views of its enemies, namely the Wobblies, Communists, and Socialists. After all the unfair legislation passed by the government, the scene was set for a disaster. All that was left was for someone to take advantage of the anti-radical legislation, and the bomb would soon explode. This is basically what Attorney General A.

The Use of Persuasive Appeals

The Use of Persuasive Appeals Standing in the check-out line, I glanced at the rows of gum to my right. Instantly, my tongue slid across my front teeth. Had I forgotten to brush? Automatically, it seemed, my right hand closed over a package of Dentyne, and an echo rumbled in my head: Nine out of ten doctors recommend†¦When it comes to persuasion, our advertisers truly deliver the goods. A solid ad hits its audience, grabs their attention, hooks and lands it- in thirty-seconds flat. So, while we might find many advertising approaches to be annoying, we must admit that they do work. They draw, in fact, upon two thousand years of sound rhetorical theory. So, using them for support when creating our own persuasive messages can be extremely effective.In the fifth century B.C., Aristotle wrote his three-volume Poetics, providing advice to those preparing to argue cases in Greeces courts. His second volume still serves as a striking study of human nature in which the philosopher outlines three basic types of appeal s which can be used to motivate and persuade audiences. Aristotle labeled these persuasive appeals ethos, logos, and pathos. Marketing experts still apply them to their work, and writers charged with the task of creating persuasive messages can benefit from their use as well.EthosToday, we think of ethical practices as being right, just and true; and we think of ethical people as being of good character. Thus, using ethos or ethical appeals means relying on character or personhood as a means of persuasion. Using ethical appeals involves providing testimony from people that we admire, respect or like. Effective ethical appeals involve endorsement by quoting:Celebrities - people we admire and emulate because of their talent or fameExperts or authorities – people we respect because of their knowledge or positionsOur friends and neighbors – the people we like because they are just like usLogosLogical appeals are rooted in reason and proof. Using logos involves providing an audience with reasons for adopting a proposed attitude, belief, value or practice. Those reasons are then supported with evidence drawn from facts and figures, studies and statistics.PathosEmotional appeals are rooted in feeling. Emotional appeals tap our capacities for laughter and tears. Thus, using pathos involves providing illustrations and examples of peoples experiences as recounted in real life or literature.When we understand Aristotles basic appeals, it is easy to spot examples of their use in our media and apply them to our own persuasive messages. A word of caution, though, is important here. When advertisers use these appeals, they tend to use them exclusively. In a single print item or thirty-second spot, an advertiser will probably use only one type of appeal. In longer messages, though, the exclusive use of any one type can actually boomerang or backfire. When a writer seems to endlessly quote others, an audience begins to wonder if he or she has anything of his or h er own to provide. Audiences generally have to work to fully grasp the meaning of statistics or scientific data; thus, their overuse can have a numbing effect.And, finally, too much emotion can result in maudlin or melodramatic messages that end up putting audiences at bay. The classical Greek principle of moderation and balance in all things is a wise one to follow when it comes to persuasion.So, when it comes time to place supporting material in your persuasive messages, look for a healthy balance of testimony, evidence, and illustration. After all, nine out of ten doctors recommend a balanced diet.

The Four Gospels and their Traditional Authors Essay

The Four Gospels and their Traditional Authors - Essay Example The character to whom the Gospel we call Mark is attributed by tradition appears in the book of Acts ("Mark" in Smith 2009). He was evidently a Jew of Jerusalem named John who took the Roman name Marcus (conventionally Mark in English) when he moved to Rome. His mother Mary was on intimate terms with the Apostle Peter, and we first hear of Mark when Peter goes to her house after escaping form prison (Acts 12:12). Tradition further identifies this figure with the Marcus mentioned by Paul (Col 4:10; Philm 1:24) as his companion in prison in Rome and with the Marcus Peter calls his son (perhaps in the sense of a spiritual son) in 1 Peter (5:13). The tradition that associated Mark with the authorship of the Gospel is post Biblical. In the middle of the second century Papias the Bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor collected saying of Jesus from his presbyters based on their memories of what had been taught at the earliest foundation of the church and published them in a book called Interpr etations of the Sayings of the Lord (Koester 1990, 32-35). This has been lost but quotations from it are preserved in the Church History of Eusebius. Part of the tradition (Eusebius 3.39.15) Papias wrote down described Mark acting as Peter's secretary and writing down (in Greek) everything that Peter said (in Aramaic) about Jesus, thus producing the Gospel of Mark (Koester 1990, 274-75). In the Gospels of Mark (3:18) and Luke (6;15) Jesus calls as an apostle a tax collector named Levi. In the parallel passage in Matthew (10:3) he is called Matthew. Tradition, once again attested by Papias, soon made this the same figure, called Levi before his conversion and Matthew afterward, and identified him with the Apostle Matthew and with the Gospel author ( "Mathew" in Catholic Encyclopedia 1917). According to Papias (Eusebius, Church History 3.39.16) he first wrote his Gospel in Hebrew and it was only later translated into (Koester 1990, 315-19). Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons in the late second century, in his Against Heresies (14.1) gives the earliest attestation of Luke as the author of that Gospel and the Book of Acts. He calls attention to the fact that the author of Acts, although he never gives his name, on three occasions identifies himself as a companion of Paul by referring to himself and Paul in the first person plural (16:10-17, 20:5-15, 21:1-18). Irenaeus further identifies this author with the Luke named as one of his companions of Paul in the Pauline Epistles. Paul mentions Luke in Philemon (1:24) and in Colossians (4:14) refers to him as a physician (Koester 1990, 334-36) . One of the most important characters in the Gospel of John is the unnamed 'disciple whom Jesus loved.' At the end of the Gospel, the narrative framework of the text is nearly broken when Jesus tells Peter about him: "If it is my will that he remain until I come, what is that to you (21:22). The narrator immediately denies that Jesus means that the beloved disciple will live until he returns, but rather says: "This is the disciple who is bearing witness to these things, and who has written these things; and we know that his testimony is true" (21:24), claiming the authority of this disciple for the authorship of the Gospel. Papias, again, is the earliest

Routine Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Routine Letter - Essay Example As we move forward with plans for our yearly spectacular event, we are confident that your proposals will take this year’s project to the next level, increasing visibility and attracting even more public participation. Having seen your presentation, the committee is anxious to move forward. We will need a detailed plan of how you will be proceeding once we have signed with you, especially regarding the acquisition of city permits that will be necessary for the display you are planning to provide. Obviously, we would like to avoid any problems that might arise from the height of some of the props you have proposed. We need to ensure that you will be capable of delivering the creative, extravagant production from your presentation. I cannot begin to tell you how excited I was to meet with you concerning the production that your company has to offer toward our project. Having planned several large scale marketing projects for our company, I have had wonderful opportunities to expand our associations through the participation of a diversity of businesses. I look forward to this being one of those opportunities as I am thrilled to tell you that your company is being awarded the contract. We have seen many clever and innovative presentations regarding this marketing venture, however, none of the other applicants showed the same understanding of our goals as you seemed to share with us. As we move forward with plans for our yearly spectacular event, we are confident that your proposals will take this year’s project to the next level, increasing visibility and attracting even more public participation. Having seen your presentation, the committee is anxious to move forward. We will need a detailed plan of how you will be proceeding once we have signed with you, especially regarding the acquisition of city permits that will be necessary for the display

Employment Law In UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employment Law In UK - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"title† highlights the employment law as an integral part of the legal statutes that runs a country. The interest of employees is a vital issue that should not be left in the hands of the employers. It is for this reason that many countries have implemented laws that protect the interests of the employees as compared to theory independent or self-employed counterparts. In UK, several statutes have been realized all in an aim to represent the interests of the employees actively and conclusively. Employee protection statutes are a significant item in UK law. Over time, there has been radical criticism about the constituents of these statutes and the definition that they give about who is an employee. Apparently, it has been said that independent workers who are sometimes referred to as self-employed people should be subjected to the protection and general provisions that are stated in employee protection statutes. This has however been subjected to a diff erent school of thought that argues the indifference between workers working under a contractual agreement and those that are independent or rather self employed. Self-employed workers are in no manner offered any form of protection under the provisions of employment law. The issue about who â€Å"self employed† an â€Å"employed† was contentious and it could not be clearly pointed out the differences that stands between the two. (Rose 2003, p.512). A test table that has been used to differentiate ideally between these two categories of workforce in UK was devised by the courts systems and assumed the shown model: Table 1: Tests differentiating employed &self employed Test Factors Control – defines the person who holds control over task, including the mode, timing and means of performing a task Obligated to obey orders, discretion made supervisory mode of working or hours of work. Integration - this shows the integration of work to the business There should exis t a grievance/disciplinary procedure to be followed which should be included in occupational benefit schemes. Economic Reality – Financial risk involved Method of payment to be used, investing in own business, tax and national insurance payment methods, and coverage of holiday/sick pay Mutuality of Obligation: evidence showing formal subordination to contract terms This includes the duration of engagement, terms of engagement, right to refuse work, custom in the trade. Based on Burchell et al (1999, p.11) According to the table, the courts attempted to identify the dependency level of the person to the employer. This was deemed important in identifying the individuals that were reliable for the provisions that are as stated in the employment law statutes. However, the degree at which the factors in question are considered was

Effects of Different Disinfectants

Effects of Different Disinfectants Abstract Introduction: Dentists, dental equipments and dental laboratories are exposed to different types of pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spraying three different types of disinfectant agents: sodium hypochlorite 0.525 %, Epimax and Deconex, on condensational silicon after 5 and 10 minutes. Method and materials: In this in vitro experimental study, 66 circular samples of condensational silicon impression materials of 1cm diameter and 2mm thickness (1.5 mm thickness of puty and 0.5 mm thickness of wash) were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus ,(ATCC29213) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and Candida albicans fungus (PTCC5027). Except for control samples all of them were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite 0.525%, Deconex and Epimax by way of spraying. Afterwards, they were kept in plastic bags filled with humid cotton rolled for 5 and 10 minutes. In order to isolate bacteria the samples were immersed in 2% trypsin for one hour and then the solution was diluted with normal salin in portion of 1,1/2 and 1/4. The trypsin suspensions were transferred to culture plates and the number of colonies was counted after 24 and 48 hours for bacteria and after 72 hours for fungus. All data was analyzed by Mann Whitney test in SPSS software program (=0.05). Results: There was a significant difference between disinfection capability of Epimax and Deconex for all mentioned microorganisms after 5 minutes (P value=0.034). Also the difference was significant between disinfection ability of hypochlorite sodium 0.525% and Epimax for Staphylococcus aureus (P value=0.043) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P value=0.046) after 5 minutes. There was a significant difference between disinfection effects of Epimax and Deconex(P value=0.034) and hypochlorite sodium0.525% and Epimax(P value=0.034) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 10 minutes. By changing time from 5 minutes to 10 minutes, disinfection efficacy of Epimax and Hypochlorite sodium 0.525% changed dramatically. Deconex was completely efficient in eliminating 100 % of microorganisms in both 5 and 10 minutes. Conclusion: This study revealed that condensational silicon can be effectively disinfected by three types of disinfectant agents by spraying method, although Deconex showed the best results compared to the other agents which indicate that this agent can be selected as a first choice to disinfect condensational silicon impression materials. Key words: Condensational silicone, Disinfection, Impression materials, Introduction: Dentists and dental laboratories are exposed to different types of pathogen microorganisms. The main sources of transition of oral infections from patients to laboratory are impression materials, impression trays and poured stone casts. (1) New studies have shown that, 67% of materials which are sent to dentallaboratories are infected by various microorganisms (2). The most frequently identified microorganisms are Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus species, Escherichia coli species, Actinomyces species, Antitratus species, Pseudomonas species, Enterobacter species, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida species.(3). therefore, an effort should be made to eliminate most of these microorganisms and reduce the rate of infection transmission to dentistry laboratories. The International Dental Federation consequently have insisted on disinfecting all impressions from patients before sending them to laboratories (4). Also the American Dental Association has advised all dental workers to disinfect all patients’ impression trays (5). In some studies, it has been declared that washing the impression materials with tap water; only removes 40% of bacteria but other studies have reported that it has the capacity to reduce micro organisms up to 90 %( 6). The most common chemical disinfectants used by dentists are Alcohols, Aldehydes, Chlorine combinations, phenols, Biguanides, Iodide combinations and Ammonium (7). Based on the type of chemical disinfectant, there are two common methods to disinfect dental materials: 1) immersion 2) spraying (6). Disinfection by immersing in the chemical materials has been proved to cover all surfaces in one time (8) while spraying is not capable of disinfecting all surfaces effectively and also cannot cover all undercuts, it significantly reduces the amount of distortion that take place in immersing method (6). Silicon impression materials are the first group of polymeric impression materials (9). These materials have the best dimensional stability. Polyvinyl impression materials are the only impression materials which can be disinfected without any dimensional changes (10). Also, different methods such as soaking in glutaraldehyde for 30 minutes have been suggested to disinfect these materials. Use of hypochlorite sodium and phenol combinations with the soaking time less than pouring time have been suggested by Some studies (11). J.Bustos investigated the effect of 0.05 % hypochlorite sodium and glutaraldehyde after 5 and 10 minutes on silicon impression materials. He declared that both of these disinfectants can efficiently prevent the bacterial growth on these impressions materials (12). Ghahremanloo A et al also conducted a research in 2009 and investigated the antimicrobial effect of sodium hypochlorite 0.525 %, Deconex and Sanosil. They concluded that the use of 0.525 % sodium hypochlorite spray on the surface of alginate; effectively disinfects 96.6 % of the samples (13). Since none of the mentioned disinfectant methods and agents have been accepted as a gold standard for disinfecting dental materials, finding an appropriate way seems rational. The aim of this study was to investigate the disinfectant ability of spraying Deconex, Sodium hypochlorite 0.525 % and Epimax on condensational silicon impression material in 5 minutes and 10 minutes. Methods and Materials This randomized experimental and microbiological study was carried out with the cooperation of dental school and microbiology department of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, aiming to evaluate the disinfection effect of: Sodium Hypochlorite0.525%, Deconex and Epimax on the condensational silicon impression material. Sampling Methods: In order to prepare samples, the heavy body impression material (putty) was mixed with the catalyst according to manufacturer instructions. The mixture was placed in a syringe with one centimeter diameter so that samples with 1.5 millimeter thickness were gained. Then the light body impression material (Wash) was mixed with the catalyst on a paper pad with a sterile spatula and was placed in the upper 0.5 millimeter of the syringe. Eventually 66 samples, with 2mm thickness and 1 cm diameter, were prepared. In order to ensure that samples were kept sterile during preparation, three samples were selected as negative controls (blank) and were incubated on TSB culture for 24 to 48 hours; after which the bacterial growth was examined. For each bacterial type, 21 samples were used. Sodium hypochlorite0.525% was used to disinfect three of them for five minutes and three others for 10 minutes. Three samples were disinfected with Deconex for five minutes and three others for 10 minutes. And three samples were disinfected with Epimax for five minutes and three others for 10 minutes. At Last, three more samples were used as positive controls to check for any microbial pollution. Preparation of Microbial Solution and Yeast For many types of susceptibility testing, a standard inoculum of bacteria must be used. The standard inoculums were prepared according to 0.5 McFarland (1.5Ãâ€"108cfu/ml) by transferring 1-2 colonies of 18-24 hours cultures to TSB medium and incubated at 35 °c until 0.5 McFarland turbidity of media was gained. For Candida albicans fungus, the sample was taken from 48 hour Saborose and Dextrose Agar cultures. Contamination of Samples To evaluate the disinfection effect of three mentioned substances, samples were separately polluted with microbial suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and Candida albicans fungus (PTCC5027). The impressions were put in sterile test tubes separately with 2 milliliter of microbial suspension in each tube and then all samples incubated at 35 º C for one hour. Disinfection of Samples and microbiological Surveys: After contamination, all samples were rinsed with sterile distilled water for 30 seconds. In order to disinfect all samples, except controls, Sodium Hypochlorite 0.525%, Deconex and Epimax were separately sprayed 10 times on each sample for 15 seconds. Then the samples were put into sterile plastic bags containing sterile cotton, humidified with sterile distilled water to form a moisturized environment for 5 and 10 minutes. Protease Trypsin, which is able to isolate the microbes from contaminated environments, was used. The ideal time and dilution for effective use of Trypsin is 60 minutes and 2% respectively. This time and dilution are based on the maximum microorganisms than can be isolated from the samples. After washing the samples with sterile distilled water for 30 seconds, they were put in Trypsin 2% solution for 60 minutes. Trypsin Suspensions with 1, and dilution were then prepared. Using 100 micro liter samplers, these samples were transferred to Muller Hinton Agar for Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Saborow Dextrose Agar culture was selected for Candida albicans fungus. Using a Pasteur pipet bent with heat at 90 degrees, the samples were spread on cultures. After 24 and 48 hours incubation, the grown bacterial colonies on culture were counted. The grown fungus colonies of Candida albicans on Saborow culture were counted after 72 hours. All results, were analyze d by Mann Witney test in SPSS software program.(ÃŽ ±=0.05) Results: According to the table 1, there is a significant difference between disinfection ability of Deconex and Epimax in 5 minutes (P Value=0.034). This difference is also significant for hypochlorite sodium and Epimax just for pseudomonas aeruginosa (p value=0.046) and staphylococcus Aureus (p value=0.043). In other cases, there is no significant difference in disinfection ability of materials in 5 minutes. (P value>0.05) According to the table 2, significant difference between disinfection capability of hypochlorite sodium – epimax and deconex- epimax was just seen after 10 minutes for pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to the table 3, Deconex completely eradicated all three kinds of microorganisms after 5 and 10 minutes. This is not true for hypochlorite sodium, as this material just eradicated staphylococcus Aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa after 10 minutes 98.68 % eradication of pseudomonas aeruginosa was seen after 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, epimax could eradicate 95.78 % of pseudomonas aeruginosa. This agent can completely eradicate candida Albicans and Staphylococcus Aureus after 10 minutes. By increasing time from 5 to 10 minutes, disinfection ability of all agents increased, except for Deconex which is 100 % for all microorganisms in both 5 minutes and 10 minutes. When there are large numbers of bacterial colonies, which are not countable, we can count the number of colonies using inverse dilution coefficient. Since real number of colonies was countable in dilution#1, and all results from other dilutions were similar to mentioned results, the results regarding to the number of colonies in other two dilutions were not reported. Discussion: Dentists practicing dentistry, encounter potentially harmful microorganisms. Patients are the most common source of microorganisms (14). Studies indicate that the surface of impressions taken out of the mouth is polluted with bacteria (15-18). As impressions and occlusal records cannot be sterilized by heat, chemical disinfection is still the common practicable method to eradicate microorganisms (19-21). So far there is no global way to disinfect impression materials (22). The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends soaking impression materials in disinfectant solutions for less than 30 minutes (23). Muller Bolla et al found that in European schools of dentistry, the soaking method is applied for 63% and 73% of Alginate impressions and silicon impressions respectively. The approximate time of disinfection was 10.3 ±6.3 minutes (20). But Hiroshi Egusa and colleagues in 2008 showed that impressions from patients mouths contain hazardous microorganisms like Streptocci, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant Staphyloccocus, , Candida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with rate of 100%, 55.6% 25,9%,5.6 % and 5.6 % respectively(22). These are opportunist pathogens that spread and transfer through the oral cavity (22). Candida causes common opportunist infections known as oral candidiasis, found in patients with immune deficiency (23). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a deadly infectious agent that exists epidemically in hospital appliances and instruments (22) However, studies show that among population the spreading rate of S. pyogenes, S. pneumonia and S. aureus to pharynx is 10%, 20 to 32% and 30% respectively (14). This is the reason that in this survey, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected to investigate the disinfection capability of disinfectant agents. By the year 1991, washing the impression materials with running water was the common way to remove microorganisms (22). This method can reduce about 90% of bacteria. (24) Running water can wash up saliva, blood and debris. But recent studies indicate that such methods cannot eliminate microorganisms from impression materials completely. Therefore washing the impression materials with running water, without disinfectants is not rational (22). In this survey three common disinfectant agents were used. One of them is Hypochlorite sodium 0.525 %. which is used in housework too. This disinfectant can efficiently prevent microorganisms growth and disinfect the impression materials. In a study by J.Bustos (12), it was shown that immersing silicon impressions in 0.5% hypochlorite sodium after 5 and 10 minutes dramatically prevent the bacterial growth in compare to the control group. Although in the recent study spraying method was used, results of the recent study are consistent with the mentioned study. On the other hand Westerholm, Reuggeberg and colleagues also showed that spraying Sodium hypochlorite can effectively disinfect the impression materials (25-26). The Westerholm and et al study showed that Sodium hypochlorite can almost completely (99.99%) prevent the growth of S. aureus and this rate is about 99.60 % after 5 minutes and 100 % after 10 minutes for s.aureus in the present study. In another study by Ghahramanloo et al, spraying Sodium Hypochlorite 0.525 % could disinfect samples effectively (96.6%) after 10 minutes which is a good indicator of high capability of this agent (13). In studies by Westerholm, Rueggeberg and Ghahramanloo disinfection effect of these agents were assessed on irreversible hydrochloride (Alginate), but in this survey this effect has been assessed on condensational silicon. The results showed that there is no difference in disinfection capability of hypochlorite sodium regardless of impression material and this is a good proof for high penetration of this agent into impression materials porosities. Decnex is an alcoholic based disinfectant agent, which in this study could effectively disinfect impression materials after 5 and 10 minutes (100 %). But in Ghahremanloo A et al study, this agent could eradicate 70.4 % of microorganisms (13). Maybe the main reason for this difference is that Ghahramanloo A used irreversible hydrochloride, which has more porosities and cause deep penetration of microorganism into this impression material and can define the lesser capability of disinfectant agent in eradicating microorganisms. The specific feature about this agent is that there is no difference in disinfection ability of Deconex after 5 minutes and 10 minutes. In the present study, for the first time the antimicrobial effect of Epimax on impression materials was investigated. This agent could not effectively eradicate microorganism after 5 minutes in compare to two other agents, but after 10 minutes it completely (100 %) eradicated candida albicans and staphylococos aureos but this rate was 97.89 for Pseudomonas aeroginosa which shows the importance of using this agent for longer duration. However, it should be mentioned that the results of the present study are not completely consistent with the results of other studies, due to different impression materials brands and usage time. One of the shortcomings of the present study is that it is an in-vitro experimental study which is different from clinical and in-vivo situations. Usually impression materials remain 3 to 5 minutes in patients mouth, while in our study it took 60 minutes to attach all the bacterial types to the samples as 60 minutes is an effective time for bacterial adherence. Also pressure while taking an impression and saliva can alter bacterial adherence capacity. This study investigated the effect of three common disinfectant agents on two types of bacteria and one fungus. As so many dentists are concerned about viruses such as HIV and HBV, further studies should be conducted to find an effective way to eradicate these kinds of pathogens. Conclusion: It can be concluded that sodium hypochlorite, Deconex and Epimax can effectively disinfect condensational silicon. This capability is higher for Deconex and it is recommended that Deconex can be the first choice to disinfect condensational silicon impression materials. Acknowledgement: We would like to express our sincere acknowledgement in the support and help of microbiology department of Isfahan medical university and research department of dentistry faculty of Isfahan University of medical science.

Analysis of Gandhi Quote :: Mohandas Gandhi Essays

Revenge spreads like wild fire in the United States. It?s all one big chain reaction. One person says something about another person. The other retaliates. It?s a never ending cycle. ?An eye for an eye only makes the world blind? says Mohandas Gandhi. People are blinded by there own personal compulsions to seek revenge that they don?t see that they are perpetuating the hatred. An eye for an eye, you punch me ill punch you. You hurt my feelings ill hurt your feelings. Makes the world blind, the spell binding reaction keeps going until there is nothing left to fight for. Gangs in the inner cities are continuously attacking each other and seeking revenge. I?m blind and you?re blind. My friends are gone and your friends are gone. Not stopping the vicious cycle can only cause more harm. A former gang member who killed four people was put to death last night in California calling up the notions of retribution and redemption. How sad for those families whose loved ones died horrific deaths. And how sad for our society that we killed a man last night as well. Death is death. I have not walked in those family member's shoes. I don't know what it feels like to lose a loved one to violent murder. I cannot imagine their lives. I feel such sadness for their loss. The terrible truth is that five people have been killed. And now what do we do? If we keep killing each other what will that do?(Crossleft.org). There needs to be some one to start a new reaction. Some one who is the bigger person. Some one like Gandhi. Gandhi never resorted to violence as a solution. He used his mind and his words to fight his battles. Gandhi was arrested many times for his protest against violence(kamat.

Teenage pregnancy in Croydon – literature review and research outline

Research studies have suggested that teenage pregnancy is a major global issue and it needs to be addressed accurately due to the health, social and economic risks associated with this issue (Baker, 2007; Roth et al., 2009; Kamberg, 2012). Decline in the number of teenage pregnancies have been reported as a result of the strategies undertaken by governing bodies across Europe to reduce the number of unplanned teenage conceptions. However, England still has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies which are mostly unplanned (Teenage Pregnancy Associates, 2011). Teenage pregnancies are a major cause of poor health conditions in teen mothers and their babies, it have an adverse economic impact and play a crucial role in increasing child poverty (WHO, 2012). According to a recent press release, London Borough of Croydon recorded 50% reduction in the teenage conceptions; however, the borough is still amongst the regions with highest teenage pregnancy rate (Croydon, 2012). In order to further reduce the rate of teenage pregnancies in Borough of Croydon it is crucial to identify the factors causing the increase in teenage conceptions. Therefore, the aim of this research study is to effectively recognize the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies in the London Borough of Croydon and the chosen organisation is Croydon Health Services NHS Trust. The research objectives are: * To identify the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies through literature. * To identify the factors causing increase in teenage pregnancies in the London Borough of Croydon. * To identify the strategies that could be adopted by the governing bodies in London Borough of Croydon to address the issues of increasing teenage pregnancies. 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Individual Factors Research studies have suggested that individual factors play an important role in teenage conceptions (Imamura et al., 2007). Children of teenage lone mothers are more vulnerable to become teenage parents (Botting et al. 1998). Members of some certain ethnic groups such as Caribbean and Asian are more likely to become teenage parents in comparison to white teenagers (Botting et al., 1998; Berthoud, 2001). Underperforming children at school who show little or no interest in learning and eventually drops out at early ages are also at a risk of becoming teenage parents (Kiernan, 1995). Research evidences have suggested that increased number of teenage pregnancies have also been observed in young children living in care or those who leave care (Imamura et al., 2007). According to Haldre et al. (2009) alcohol abuse in the family and lower levels of sexual knowledge also lead to higher number of teenage pregnancies. 1. Socio- Economic Factors According to Baker (2007), socio-economic disadvantages are one of the major causes of teenage pregnancies. Teenagers who are detached or detach themselves from the society as a result of discrimination or lack of support from the society are highly vulnerable to early pregnancies. Social disadvantages as identified by England’s Social Exclusion Unit includes unemployment, poor quality of health, living in deprived areas, having lower levels of skills, poor housing facilities, family fall outs and low income (SEU, 2001). Gruber (2009) argued that individuals become socially disadvantaged when they are denied their basic rights and the opportunities to become an active part of the society which leas to involvements in crimes and other illegal activities. Research studies have suggested that children of socially disadvantaged young parents live in poverty (Baker, 2007). However, not many evidences are present in the literature about the contribution of poverty to teenage pregnancies and this area needs more exploration. According to a research study by Arai (2009), poverty is common in households where the head of the household is a teenager. MacPhail and Campbell (2001) identified that poverty pose an influential impact on the decisions of teenagers to buy contraceptives leading to unintended teenage pregnancies which further leads to lack of finance and support. Trapani (1999) found out that in most cases of teenage pregnancies boyfriends of teenage pregnant girls hesitate from taking the responsibility of the child due to its impact on their educational and employment opportunities. This rejection from partners can cause depression in teenage mothers and their children could significantly suffer in many ways as a result of this depression. It is clear from the preliminary literature review that individual, social and economic factors play an important role in increased number of teenage conceptions. Recent reports published by NHS suggest that government has taken a number of steps to reduce teenage pregnancies; however, despite of these measures the success rate is low. This leads to the formulation of the research question for this study which is to understand why is teenage pregnancy increasing and what more factors are contributing to this problem in addition to the ones identified by previous research studies 1. METHODOLOGY 1. Research Philosophy and Approach Positivist research philosophy has been adopted for this research study. Positivist research philosophy will allow gathering quality data, having high validity in a natural setting (Belk, 2008). Research approach can be inductive or deductive depending upon the type of the research study and for this qualitative research study inductive research approach has been adopted. The advantages of inductive research approach include its flexibility and its supportive framework that effectively allows the formulation of new models (Monsen and Horn, 2007). 1. Research Strategy An exploratory case study research strategy has been undertaken for the accomplishment of the aim of this research study because of its effectiveness in exploring the problem understudy and because of its proficiency in unveiling new issues (Walsh and Wigens, 2003). This research strategy is extremely time consuming and provides no control over the information provided by the participants; however, according to Kumar (2008) the researcher can effectively overcome these problems through his/her competent research skills. 1. Data Collection and Analysis Primary as well as secondary data will be collected for this research study. Secondary data will be collected from the reports published by NHS, books, journals and news articles. Both the qualitative and quantitative sources of information will be explored. The advantages of include time effectiveness, cost effectiveness and the ease of access to the information. Invalid or incomplete pieces of information and possible confusion due to the availability of huge amount of information are few limitations of this data collection method (Kumar, 2011). Primary data will be collected by conducting semi- structured interviews because of its efficacy in establishing an informal two way conversation between the researcher and the participant (Carter and Thomas, 1997). Data will be analysed in a step wise manner (Maykut and Morehouse, 1994). Firstly all the responses will be carefully examined followed by the unitization and categorisation of different pieces of information. Finally the responses will be interpreted. 1. Target Population and Access The target population for this research study are the pregnant teenagers attending antenatal clinics in Croydon and the sample size would be 15. Initially contact over the phone was established with a supervisor of midwives to arrange a meeting in order to explain the benefits of this research study. It was decided in the meeting that the invitation for participating in the research study will be given to the pregnant teenagers by the midwives attending antenatal clinics in local medical practices. Pregnant teenagers willing to participate will be given a date and time for the interviews after consulting the researcher and all the interviews will take place in a room within the medical practices so that an assuring environment could be provided to the participants. 1. Ethical Considerations Participation will be voluntary, anonymity will be maintained, information about the study will be provided to the participants and written consents will be taken prior to the interviews. Information collected will only be used by the researcher. 1. Validity, Reliability and Generalisability To maintain the reliability and validity of the data all the measures will be taken to avoid the chances of errors during face-to-face interviews and when analysing the data. Generalisability is the potential limitation of the research study as the results might not completely reflect the condition in other Boroughs of England. 1. CONCLUSION In conclusion, despite of the limitation this research study will effectively contribute towards the information present in the literature about the factors causing the increase in the number of teenage conceptions.

Aztecs essays

Aztecs essays Around the early 13th century the Aztecs left their homes in Atzlan and started wandering through the Valley of Mexico. Living as mostly gathers in a migratory lifesyle, the Aztecs struggled to survive. They were eventually enslaved by another tribe. The Aztecs were, at this time, poor scruffy people, who were enen know to consume vermin, snakes and stolen food. They were rejected by mostly all of the surounding tribes. Basically they spent most of their time migrating from one place to another. Early in the 14th century, approximately 1325, Tenoch, their cheiftain, had a vision where, Huitzilopochtli appeared and told him to lead his people to a swampy island in the center of Lake Texcoco. The Aztecs belived that Huitzilopochtli, their "war god" was their protector and helped them search for the promised land. The Aztecs practiced out of a book known as the Tira de la Peregrinacion, also called the Migration Scrolls. After reaching the island in the cener of Lake Texcoco, the Aztecs saw an eagle on the top of a cactus. They took this as a sign that this was where they were supposed to build their city. Their city was called Tenochtitlan, also know as the city of Tenoch. At first life in thier new city was difficult for the Aztecs due to thier new, undesirable location. The city was located in a swampy marsh in the middle of an island, making the recources that the Aztecs new how to use extremely limited. At first the Aztecs just built mud huts to live in and a few small temples. They farmed by intaking an agricultural system called the Chinampas, which eventully made the land fertile and highly productive. The Aztecs also used fishing, hunting, and gathering techniques. The Valley rivers were filled with fish, insects, tadpoles, shrimp, and this extremely odd naturally occuring pasta called, ahuatle. The Aztecs also hunted wild turkey, rabbits, snakes, armadillos and deer. The civilization continously c...

John F. Kennedy essays

John F. Kennedy essays To determine whether a past president was great or not, is a very difficult task. You have to weight the positives of his presidency, against the negatives. There has not been one president of the United States who did not make a mistake during their tenure as leader of this great nation. There are many characteristics and attributes that several of our great presidents have had. Some of them had very different styles in the way they ran the country and many of them had contrasting ideas on their approaches to improving the nation. A great president finds a way to better the country and make it stable in everyday life for the American people. John F. Kennedy had many of the attributes that go along with being a great president. He also was very young and good looking which probably boosted his approval rating with the ladies. So if you ask an older woman today, she might say that JFK was a great president because he was so handsome. I believe that he was a great president fo r other reasons. Although John F. Kennedy did make his fair share of mistakes as president, his exceptional handlings of some of the tensest situations in American history prove to me that he was a great American President. For what its worth, my nominees for the three greatest presidents of the United States are George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington held together an unstable nation after its birth and established civilian rule by refusing the offer of permanent rule offered to him. Lincoln led the nation through a devastating civil war and played a crucial role in attempting to end slavery. FDR took bold moves and pulled America out of the depression, with some help of World War 2. He also established social programs that continue to benefit Americans, and most importantly he led the nation to victory in World War 2. These great presidents were tough acts to measure up to for anyone following in the...

American Government - Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Government - - Research Paper Example The U.S. subsequent involvement in Afghanistan may go down as one of the most controversial policy decisions in American history (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir). Indeed, there are a number of complex questions involved when determining the moral and political justifications behind the policy in Afghanistan. This essay functions to considers the United States policy in Afghanistan in relation to factors and issues affecting the topic, the current status of the topic, and future concerns of the policy. One of the main justifications of the United States involvement in Afghanistan is the belief that Al Qaeda’s attack on the United States violated the "just war" theory. The just war theory explains that only government led groups can lead an attack, but they must do so for a just cause. It’s been said that Al Qaeda broke the just war theory because they attacked civilians with no cause. Furthermore, the attack on the Pentagon, one could argue, was a government driven attack. The subsequent war represents the American response to the threat. There is no doubt that the American response had its economic and strategic interests, but the essential reason for the America’s actions following September 11 many believe is for the defense of freedom (Bennis). Supporters of the war in Afghanistan believe in the progress that can be made in defending freedom and democracy anywhere in the world. Indeed, freedom became after September 11 an all-purpose explanation for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The wars conducted by the United States were justified as a response to the terrorist attacks which aimed the basic liberties of the American society. Freedom was soon perceived as an American good that must be promoted everywhere and the United States was seen as having the moral duty of promoting democracy throughout the world. While it is yet to be seen if the attempted change in the political system of Afghanistan represents progress, supporters of the war beli eve that democracy in the Middle East will eventually lead to progress. Even as the war policy in Afghanistan was initially justified as a means of national security, the United States’ longevity and continued presence many argue has proved to be problematic. While the war policy might have started along well-justified measures, it’s argued that it now carries a toll on the American population (Rashid). Within this spectrum of understanding there are a number of points policy opponents have raised. One important reason that individuals must consider is peoples’ safety here at home. While the War on Terrorism has been sold as fighting the terrorist abroad so they must not be fought at home, this seems a somewhat specious concept. Military recruiting is down. Young people do not want to join the Armed Forces when it is quite clear they could die in Afghanistan. This shortage results in fewer qualified members of the armed forces, and leaves fewer in America to pro tect against terrorism and attack. There have already been reported over 2,600 coalition force member deaths. That includes 2,463 Americans. Almost 18,000 military personnel have been wounded during the war, and thousands of Iraqis and insurgents have also died during the fighting (BBC 2009). This human cost may be the most difficult consequence of the war to bear. Innocent people did die on September 11th and nobody deserves the pain and agony of the terrorist’s terrible actions, but now it’

Private security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Private security - Coursework Example Additional options of where it is sourcing funds are from partnerships, client advance payments and vending. The firm also relies heavily on any of the funds that they have generated, second mortgages and credit cards (Krueger, 2002). The firm intends to use the start up funds to cover build out costs, purchase the necessary equipment and software and also to cover the facility. Initial costs of operating will also be covered by the funds, that is, taxes, payroll and utilities. The firm intends to spend forty five percent of the funds on assets so that the remaining fifty five percent could be spent on operations until it starts to make profits. The new business venture tends to accept government grants or guarantees as part of the capital structure because it will receive huge monetary rewards from it which will be in millions of dollars. The venture will also find it easier to raise more money from other government and private sectors once it receives government grants. It will therefore have high chances of being prestigious, getting instant credibility and also gaining public exposure as noted by Krueger (2002). Government grants do no have to be paid back and when the venture accepts them it means that the government will have already done research on the necessary activities that will ensure satisfaction of the public needs. This may mean that the venture will have ready customers because of the great demand for its services and products. Ratio of depth to equity measures the amount of money that a venture should borrow safely over a long time period. This is done by comparing the total debts of the venture and dividing it by the total amount of owner’s equity. The result is the total percent of what the firm is indebted. In the initial capital structure of the venture, equity consisted of both the common and preferred stock and also

Review of the Literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Review of the Literature - Research Paper Example â€Å"Relationship between psychiatric nurse work environments and nurse burnout in acute care general hospitals (Hanrahan, 2010).† The article analyzed the degree to which organizational components of the inpatient psychiatric situations are connected with psychiatric staff burnout. Organizational parts were measured by an instrument supported by the National Quality Forum. This study furnishes a percentage of the first confirmation that the nature of the inpatient psychiatric medical attendant work environment is connected with word related push of psychiatric attendants (Hanrahan, 2010). Nonetheless, prospective studies are required to confirm if quiet aspects alter these relationships and if tolerant conclusions are influenced by organizational variables of the forethought environment and psychiatric medical attendant burnout. Therefore, the organizational elements analyzed in this study are modifiable. Hence, supervisors can utilize the organizational elements distinguish ed as a part of this study to center quality change programs. For instance, modifiable organizational components incorporate esteeming the commitment of medical caretakers captivating the attendants in dynamic quality change projects, guaranteeing administrators are talented, distinguishing and tending to issues that show riffs in medical caretaker and doctor joint efforts and furnishing the satisfactory psychiatric medical caretaker staffing (Hanrahan, 2010). The MBI and the PES-NWI could be utilized to measure advance in these regions. Enhancing inpatient psychiatric attendant practice situations will help to draw in new attendants and hold the individuals who are right now in the workforce. In â€Å"The Relationships between Attitudes toward Seclusion, Staff Satisfaction, Levels of Burnout and Therapeutic Optimism in a District Health Service (Dares, Happell, Russell, Cokell, & Gaskin, 2012).

Proessionals Responsibility To The Society Essay Example for Free

Proessionals Responsibility To The Society Essay Professionals should not restrict their work to their work place only. Instead they should extend it to the community in which they operate. Professionals can be involved in the society in many ways which include education, economic empowerment and creation of international links. Professionals have a wider understanding of the contemporary affairs. This knowledge can be used to educate the society on its civil rights, how to respond to social challenges and enlightening them on the national and international affairs. The society expects the professionals to use their knowledge and understanding of these matters to help them to be better braced to face challenges in the society. Education can be done through seminars, awareness meeting and mobilizations in order to enable the people to live together harmoniously. The society needs awareness in matters of gender parity, respect for religious and racial differences within the community and other social matters as may be violated in the society. Another area of education is how to utilize the natural resources sustainably since ignorance of such a serious matter can cause drastic effects on people. Â  Professionals can also contribute to the economic empowerment of the society through many ways. They can either directly or indirectly take part in activities aimed at developing people economically in the society. They can do this by proving the necessary conducive environment that can enable people in the society to realize their full potential. In empowering people, professionals have the obligation to enlighten the society on the factors of production available to them and how to look for market for their goods. They can also contribute directly by building schools, factories and medical facilities where people in the community can access them easily. Professionals are in a better position, due to their experience and knowledge, to identify talents in the society. Such talents can be developed and promoted in order to enable be people to live to their potentials. Organization of sporting activities and meet people campaigns are some of the activities which can be used to achieve this. At the same time professionals can use their knowledge to provide carrier counseling for students within the community in which they work. This can help them in choosing their carriers hence empowering them economically in future. Â  Professionals can help to link the society with the outside world. Since they have a better understanding of the culture, believes and economic activities of other people, they can enlighten the society not only on how to interact but also areas of interaction that can realize maximum returns out of such interactions. They can be involved in exchange programs in fields of education, business and culture to mention but a few. This can promote international understanding and cooperation among different countries. Â  Journalists are supposed to provide information to the society. However, this can be difficult in societies where the living standards are low. It becomes difficult for people to access the information due to poverty levels. At the same time some in some countries there is lack of freedom to journalists. They are limited on what they can report. While fighting for their rights, they should fight for the rights of the society as well. Â  Teachers on the other hand are supposed to reduce illiteracy level in the society but this is made difficult by the fact that education is expensive in some countries. Cultural reasons also water their efforts to lighten the society through education. Â  Lawyers can be of benefit to the society by promoting civil rights in the society but their work is hindered mostly by cultural and reasons. Some practices which violate human rights are in most cases valued highly by people in the society. Failure to report of injustices committed in the society also contributes to the difficulties the lawyers face in carrying out their responsibility to the society. Â  Reference: 1). www.internews.org/global/gov/default.shtm 2). www.americanpressinstitute.org/pages/resources/2005/07/

Case Study on Social Identity Theory

Case Study on Social Identity Theory Zuneirah Omar Social Identity Theory is a social psychological study which includes self-conception in group memberships (Hogg, 1990). This comes from the concept of social identity which is the meaning that one derives from their social group as well as the fact that they are a part of that social group (Trepte, 2006). Henceforth, this essay on Social Identity theory focuses on the lives of two students at the University of Cape Town (UCT), namely Sisanda and Andrew. Their identities during their undergraduate years of study are described and compared throughout the essay, incorporating the social identity theory, by means of a description of the theory using three concepts to describe the events that point out their group memberships. Included in these concepts is the key assumption of the theory. In order to emphasise the use of this key assumption, the identity strategies of the theory are described as well as related to the lives of the two students. Finally, together with the identity strate gies are the criticisms of the strategies as well as the theory as a whole. Sisanda is a female from Kwazulu-Natal. She lived in a rural village with her grandmother, following this she moved to an informal settlement nearby to live with her parents. Sisanda did very well at high school and had many resources at her disposal to help her with her school work. Throughout her studies she has aimed to maintain her Zulu identity as opposed to adopting a western identity. Sisanda came to UCT in order to study and thereafter have the opportunity to return home and give back to her community, however, since she felt unwelcome by her community after leaving to study, she decided to stay in Cape Town and help improve communities here (Bangeni, 2005). Andrew grew up in East London and then moved to a â€Å"coloured† township in Cape Town. Andrew had a lot of motivation to do well in High school in order to change his life for the better. Andrew was a very good student, despite the lack of resources that his school offered. He wanted to finish his studies and thereafter give back to his community, however during an early stage in his studies, when he was away from home and at Residence at UCT he experienced a lot of rejection from his community. Finally, Andrew has a strong ambition to maintain his home identity (Bangeni, 2005). The events which occurred during Sisanda and Andrews time at university that have influenced or had an influence on their identities will be incorporated and elaborated further in this essay, by using the Social identity theory which will be described using three concepts. These include the individual positions, three social principles and a central assumption (De La Rey, 2003). The individual component discussed here is self-concept. This is when an individual comprises of both, a personal and a social identity (De La Rey, 2003). In this essay we will focus mostly on Sisanda and Andrews’s social identities in order to clearly identify their group memberships, however their individual identities will be touched on briefly. The three social principles are status hierarchy, legitimacy or illegitimacy of the status hierarchy and permeability of group boundaries and status security (De La Rey, 2003). They both came from backgrounds of a lower status in comparison to the individuals backgrounds they compare themselves to at UCT. We see this when they mention that the students at UCT have a lot of wealth and they spend a lot. They both chose to maintain their individual status identities by not giving in to spend money as easily as their colleagues do. In Andrews’s case this is evident from the beginning when he chose not to be a part of the peer group that wasn’t a part of his personal class and status identity, he chose not to be a part of the coloured group as he says they are middle class, English individuals and they tend to look down at less privileged individuals such as himself (Bangeni, 2005). Thus demonstrating how the status hierarchy influenced his identity. Correspondingly, both Sisanda and Andrew have strong associations with their identities in relation to the languages they spoke previously, i.e. before they left home and came to UCT. The importance of speaking in their own languages, i.e. Zulu in Sisanda’s case and Afrikaans in Andrews’s case, is emphasized. Although Sisanda maintains this throughout her studies, she only speaks English when she has to in order to avoid communication problems, and takes notes in Zulu, despite her proficiency in English. Andrew on the other hand feels that English is now a major part of his identity, in addition he is learning Xhosa and Zulu (Bangeni, 2005). Legitimacy or illegitimacy of the status hierarchy refers to whether or not the hierarchy system is deemed as fair, reasonable and just or not (Bangeni, 2005). According to Sisanda, she feels that the status hierarchy present at UCT is unjust as it puts a lot of undue pressure on herself as well as other students at the university (Bangeni, 2005). Finally, permeability of group boundaries and status security refers to the extent to which individuals are able to change their identities by moving across the social boundaries (De La Rey, 2003). In both the cases, Sisanda and Andrews, there was a lack of permeability of their group boundaries. This is seen when they both feel unwelcomed by their communities as a result of the change that they had made by moving from the community to the university. The key assumption in social identity theory is called the positive social identity. This states that individuals will always strive to achieve the best and most positive identity and self-concept for themselves. In order to determine what is considered to be the best self-concept an individual will make social comparisons to themselves and other groups. Both Sisanda and Andrew were motivated to do well at school and achieve good marks in order to improve their lives and thus create a positive self-concept of themselves. Furthermore, this key assumption results in the individual making use of various identity strategies in order to achieve a positive self-concept with a high status. In order achieve this positive evaluation of themselves, perceived cognitive alternatives to the group situation that they are currently a part of are required. In other words if the members of a group are not aware of the cognitive alternatives that exist then they will be unable to change their situation and achieve the positive identity they are searching for. This can occur both, on a group level or an individual level, when a cognitive alternative is not achieved. (Taylor, 1987). On an individual level, the strategies include social mobility and intragroup comparison. Social mobility is a social system that is flexible and thus permits free movement of the individual (Taylor, 1987). Thus this is when an individual leaves a group and joins another group which provides the individual with a more positive identity. Sisanda experiences social mobility when she comes to the conclusion that her community has rejected her and as a result she will remain in Cape Town and use her degree to empower communities in this town instead of going back home to her original social group, in addition she tries to recreate her home identity at the university where she is accepted and thus this will improve her self-concept and sense of belonging. Andrew on the other hand, was also rejected by his community but he did not want to move to another group. He always wanted to maintain his home identity and this made his transition even more difficult, as a result he still remained a p art of his group by participating n NGO Programmes in the community (Bangeni, 2005). However during Andrews’s studies he made use of the second strategy, which is intragroup comparison. This is when the individual compares himself or herself with other members of his or her own group (Taylor, 1987). This is seen with Andrew when he made comparisons to the other â€Å"coloured† individuals at the university who were of a higher class then Andrew and according to Andrew they looked down upon lower class individuals. This resulted in him avoiding this group, even though it formed part of the coloured group identity that he had belonged to (Bangeni, 2005). This however form part of the lesser postulation of the theory, which states that the intragroup comparison is less likely to result in an unfavourable or negative evaluation of the individual (Taylor, 1987). Furthermore, when Andrew joined a new peer group which was of a lower social status, we cannot assume that this is social mobility as the theory states that mobility requires movement from a low-status group to a higher status group (De La Rey, 2003). Thus a criticism of this theory is that even though Andrew experienced the exit from one group and entry into another group it was not social mobility, even though ultimately he had a positive identity, to summarise this criticism one could say that this theory only focuses on improving the group’s identity and not the individuals. This is captured by stating that the social identity theory does not does not include the more realistic idea of an individual mobility strategy (Taylor, 1987). Comparatively, the cognitive alternatives include absorption, direct challenge, creativity and redefinition of characteristics. Absorption, which according to some theorists is referred to as assimilation, refers to the idea of trying to become a part of the dominant group (Taylor, 1987). This can be achieved by trying to change you appearance, ways of living and ones behaviour in order to look or act like the members of the dominant group. In the case of Sisanda and Andrew they both share a similar change in which they tried to achieve this assimilation alternative. This is with regards to their language, they both tried very hard to maintain their language identity and started of doing this very well. However in order to be a part of the dominant group and be able to communicate and prosper at the university they needed to adopt new language strategies. Sisanda says she became tolerant towards other African languages and wants to learn Sotho and Afrikaans as these are the languages that are most prevalent amongst the dominant groups in Cape Town. Despite this she still tries to maintain her Zulu identity, she takes notes in class in Zulu, and this shows clearly how she only adopts the new languages in certain settings in order to be a part of the dominant group. Andrew on the other hand initially found it very difficult to communicate I English as he was very good in Afrikaans only, however as a result of the group that Andrew spent his time with he began to change his language. He started learning to speak Xhosa a form of slang dominant to the area and the group known as â€Å"Backstage language.† Andrew completely changed with regards to language, as he began thinking in English and no longer Afrikaans, thus he adopted a new language in order to be a part of the dominant group (Bangeni, 2005). Direct challenge refers to the opposition of the dominant group by challenging them (Taylor, 1987). Sisanda showed signs of this strategy when she defended her Zulu culture amongst other groups as a result of ethnic stereotypes. Sisanda realized that this strategy did not work well in the case as she was going to lose her status amongst the members of the dominant group and as a result she maintained her Zulu identity on her own, and developed an identity of learning the other languages and ways of the culture, by means of social mobility as described previously (Bangeni, 2005). Andrew did not adopt this strategy in his time at university. Creativity is when one develops new ways in which they compare their group to others (Taylor, 1987). Andrew used this strategy by spending a lot of his time with individuals with both linguistic and economic disadvantage, and thus comparing himself and his group to them and as a result it created a more positive self and group concept for Andrew, instead of making a comparison to a more dominant group of greater advantage which would not help improve his self and group concept (Bangeni, 2005). Sisanda, on the other hand did not adopt this strategy. Finally, a strategy that was not adopted by both Sisanda and Andrew during their time at the university is the redefinition of characteristics. This is when the group redefines characteristics of the group that were previously evaluated as negative characteristics, in order to evaluate them in a more positive light now (Taylor, 1987). As seen here not all strategies were used by both the students that were discussed. The reason for this is because there is a sum of strategies, but there is no concrete solution with regards to which strategy one may prefer or prioritise over another strategy. The adoption of the strategies also depends on the level of motivation by the individual and the group, as well as their motivation to adopt one strategy over another (Taylor, 1987). A further critique of this theory is with regards to the non-cognitive alternatives that were mentioned. If one cannot achieve social mobility, they will achieve intragroup comparisons. However the theory does not look at social mobility from a psychological perspective in that the individual mentally associates themselves with another group but does not physically leave the group (Taylor, 1987). Furthermore Social Identity Theory makes the assumption that everyone views the dominant group as one that would result in a positive identity, whereas this is not always the case (Hogg, 1990). This is seen throughout Sisandas story as she maintains her Zulu Identity even when it is not the dominant group. In conclusion, Sisanda and Andrew have many group identities including, their Zulu and Coloured culture, they are both students at UCT, the courses they have taken up, their social groups and cultural backgrounds amongst many others. The main identity that they have taken up is their language and culture identity and as time progresses their new identity as a student at UCT. They both come from less dominant groups in comparison to the groups they encounter at UCT and this results in the students adopting various identity strategies in order to create a more positive self and group concept and identity. By adopting these strategies they follow the key assumption and that is that they strive to create and maintain an identity that is of a more positive regard (Taylor, 1987). The strategies they adopted resulted in a change in their identity and as a result their group membership’s as well individual identities were changed and new identities were formed in most cases. Finally c riticisms of the theory were made, and from this we come to understand the central ideas of this theory by using examples which put it into perspective and context. 2500 Words References Bangeni, B., Kapp, R. (2005). Identities in transition: Shifting conceptions of home amongst black South African university students. African Studies Review, 48(3), 1 19. De La Rey, C. Duncan, N. (2003). A social psychological perspective. In N, Duncan. K, Ratele, Social psychology. Identities and relationships (pp. 45 66). UCT Press. Hogg, M. (1990). Social identity theory. In P. Burke, Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 111-136). California: Stanford University Press. Taylor, D. Moghaddam, F. (1987). Social identity theory. In D, Taylor. F, Moghaddam, Theories of intergroup relations: international social psychological perspectives, second edition (pp. 59 84). Westport, CT: Greenwood. Trepte, S. (2006). Social identity theory. In J, Bryant. P, Vorderer, Psychology of entertainment (pp. 256-262). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.